If leaves yellow into the warmer months, it's likely to be a lack of iron and/or magnesium. White, powdery patches of the fungus appear first on the lower parts of the bush, attacking the leaves, shoots, and berries. My soil is sandy and supposedly perfect for these plants. This is a fungal organism that causes a sudden wilting and dying of scattered canes or whole bushes. The leaves on your Philodendron could be turning yellow for a number of reasons. Chlorosis, or yellowing of leaves, can occur on any plant, including tomatoes. The most common cause of yellowing leaves among Arrowhead Plants is improper soil moisture–in particular, overwatering. Yellow leaves could indicate that the plant is suffering from Fungal diseases, It’s usually the Downy mildew disease or the Fusarium wilt disease.. Entering your postal code will help us provide news or event updates for your area. Light is another factor associated with the hibiscus and yellow leaves. You can edit your profile to state your location, and it. When all the leaves fall off, it is a good idea to trim the stems and cut back foliage to spur new growth. Where I live, it's fall and leaves are all yellowing and falling off. They can cure most of the common problems themselves. They appear to be nestled in an enclosed corner, which would hold considerable moisture. Each type has different needs – so let’s take a look. You might want to post what your climate is. To determine whether root rot is the cause of azalea leaves turning yellow then look to see if the soil is boggy after watering or rainfall and perhaps dig with a spade near the soil to see if there is any evidence of slow drainage or compact or clay soils. For lack of a better explanation, this is because marijuana plants (as is the case with most plants) are susceptible to temperature extremes. Gooseberries will find their own nutrients in most ground and if fed with nitrogen rich fertilisers will produce lots of leaves at the expense of fruit. Here are the main reasons lemons develop yellow leaves and how to keep them green and lush. Sprinkle a teaspoon of Epsom salts around the plant and water in. They do not appear on anthracnose leaf spots. Sometimes, the bottom leaves will be affected first. This leaf spot can be distinguished from that caused by anthracnose by certain characteristics. This fungal infection produces a dark-colored dieback of the tips of the branches and a gray mold rot of the berries. Stripes on the leaves (click for close-up) indicates that this is not a Nitrogen deficiency, even though the symptoms are similar. The infection may appear at any time during the growing season. Gooseberries do not like damp roots, so stick your finger deep into the soil and check how wet it is there. My tomato plant is still growing and looks light green on the top of the plant. There are several reasons why this may happen. More often than not, yellowing leaves are the result of too much moisture and not enough air circulation. • Yellow spots on outer leaves enlarge to become gray-brown streaks. These growths contain another type of spore, which germinate and infect the white pine in the fall. Weather. Tiny, black specks soon appear scattered over the surface of each spot. ~ You Know You're a Permie When...~ All About Permies, including tutorials ~Herbal Hugel Spiral of Randomness!~Tricks to Keep the Dirt from Sliding off a Hugel~List of Cascadia Bloggers and Facebook Pages!~, Marianne check us out @ www.cricketscove.net. The leaves on geraniums turn yellow when they get too much to drink. Some of the reasons are similar to why pepper plants or any other veggies turn yellow. So the primary gist of this post is to identify why cucumber leaves turning yellow. When there are whole brown leaves on a plant, this can indicate several dozen problems; but when just the sides or tips of the leaf turn brown, there is only one problem — the plant is stressed. The sedge plant is the alternate host of this rust. The water source used is an important consideration in caring for your plant. That’s why it’s always important to individually diagnose your different plants. And … Not helpful either. When the leaves of the succulents turn into yellow, it may suggest three possible problems; overwatering, under watering, and pot size. If your raspberries are developing yellow leaves in the middle of summer, it's likely to be a deficiency in nutrients so it would be an excellent idea to top dress them with chicken manure, which is high in nitrogen, as soon as you can. The leaf is thickened where the cluster cup later appears. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License.. Common Reasons Leaves Turn Yellow. Let’s investigate and get to the bottom of this! The most likely causes are overly moist soil, over-watering, and not enough sunlight. What you are seeing is the plant using color to attract pollinators. Here’s how to tell the difference between natural and worrisome yellow palm leaves or fronds. If your leaves have light burn, you will notice that the leaves closest to the lights are shriveling and turning yellow, and the yellowing leaves won’t pull off the plant easily either. Yes! Don’t forget to apply fertilizer at the time of planting. General Tips For Treating Peace Lily Leaves Turning Yellow. Older infections form a thin, felt-like coating, which is tan to reddish brown in color. Why are the leaves on my Philodendron turning yellow? If the leaves of your Monstera adansonii plants start to turn yellow, it is a sign that something is not right. The most common cause of yellowing leaves among Philodendron plants is improper soil moisture–in particular, overwatering. Some of the reasons are similar to why pepper plants or any other veggies turn yellow. The spots enlarge, become more angular in outline, and sometimes have a purplish margin. Lack of Light. If newly planted daylilies develop yellow leaves that start turning brown, then the problem could be too little water.During the growing season, generally spring through early fall, daylilies' soil should not be allowed to dry out completely. You can strain out the leaves and then enjoy a delicious and aromatic cup of tea. My first berry which was developing also turned yellow and fell off. But there are some different reasons, as well. Gardenias are known and grown for their sweet-smelling white flowers. I live in Florida in zone 9b, and I suspect that moisture could be the issue, at least I hope so! Magnesium deficiency - shows as light green or yellow blotches on leaves. My Raspberry Leaves Are Turning Yellow By Bailey Shoemaker Richards Raspberry leaves should remain green through the growing season. Why are my Calathea leaves turning yellow? Affected leaves soon turn yellow and then drop. The Downy mildew disease is caused by microbes that are related to algae that also turns the plants brown or gray and fuzzy.. There are many reasons that a plant’s leaves may turn yellow (chlorosis). Keep weeds down in the garden area; they harbor fungal spores. One of the first culprits for turning lucky bamboo yellow leaves or stems is water. You should regularly fertilize the potting soil with complex mineral fertilizers. Answer: From the way you describe it, it sounds like the normal growth of any plant. Location: Zones 2-4 Wyoming and 4-5 Colorado. It makes your health plant a dead bamboo plant. These plants sprout new leaves quickly, so yellow leaves can quickly be replaced by healthy green leaves once you have treated the problem. Try changing the amount of sunlight or water the plant gets and possibly apply a fertilizer. Do you have yellow leaves on your houseplants and are worried and concerned? Celery early blight or Cercospora leaf spot is a fungal disease spread by heavy rainfall and warm temperatures. What could be the issue? By late summer, a yellow to brown, threadlike growth develops on or near these infection spots. Magnesium deficiency first affects old leaves. Most commonly brown leaf tips or brown edges on leaves are caused by the plant not getting enough water. A common problem that tomato growers face, whether growing from seed or as a store-bought transplant plant, is yellowing leaves. While a likely source of concern, it’s just one of many. That is so cool, never knew about that. Each and every plant is different and therefore has different watering needs. The next reason why your pot plants might be turning yellow, especially the leaves, is due to light burn. The more common diseases found on currants and gooseberries are anthracnose, leaf spot, and powdery mildew. Zinc or iron deficiency - shows as yellowing of new leaves with green veins. This is a fungus infection appearing first as numerous dark-brown to black dots scattered at random over one or both surfaces of the leaf. This weakens the plant, reduces vigor and productivity, and results in smaller fruit of lower quality. This disease quite commonly is called septoria leaf spot, the name of the parasitic stage of the fungus causing the infection. The roots of the Pothos will start to rot if this happens too frequently. Why are the leaves going yellow? By entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension. 7 Known Causes of True Geranium Leaves Turning Yellow 1 – Overwatering. Leaves become pale in colour, the green colour fades to a straw yellow colour which eventually turns light brown. The most common cause of yellowing leaves among Money Trees is improper soil moisture–in particular, overwatering. Hi Raffaele, My ZZ plant leaves towards the outer border in one of the branch has turned yellow.Simillarly many leaves in my rose plants turning yellow and dropping.please mention the reason and the remedy.Thanks for the informations above. You can make a tea of gooseberry leaves. The infection may appear at any time during the growing season. Plants need proper light for photosynthesis to occur. Typically, lucky bamboo plants are kept in a water vase with a substrate, such as rocks, but some are grown in soil containers. In the last 2 days the leaves have turned yellow and are dropping off. Over-watering is the most common cause of yellowing leaves on a orchids. Moisture. Rosemary is a drought resistant plant that thrives in poor, well draining soils and full sun, so the reason rosemary leaves are turning yellow is because of excess nitrogen in the soil or as a sign of stress, due to damp soils as a result of over watering or slow draining soils. The most common reason why the leaves of this otherwise rapidly growing herb would turn yellow involves overly moist soil. • Don’t throw the plant out! Get notified when we have news, courses, or events of interest to you. This post will help you determine why the yellow leaves are occurring and what you can do to fix the issue. The most common virus disease is currant mosaic. This excess moisture provides the perfect environment for diseases to thrive. how permies.com works real sounding name policy. This rust disease can produce striking symptoms on species of wild gooseberries or in neglected home garden plantings but causes slight damage. If you're placing the plant on a windowsill, try to make it a north- or west-facing window. White spot causes circular spots with white, gray or brown centers before foliage turns yellow and drops. Leaves infected by downy mildew demonstrate a faint yellowing on the upper leaf surface while grayish-white fluffy mold spots form on the lower leaf surface. 1. Are you wondering, why are my plant leaves turning yellow? We see it commonly asked: Why are my pepper plants turning yellow? Raspberries and blackberries grow on similar bushes and produce clusters of berries at the end of the summer. There is a fine line with these plants because the sandy soil dries out quickly and they tend to wilt since they are so shallow rooted. Keep in mind older leaves may not return to green after applying these remedies but new growth should be green and healthy and the yellow leaves will fall. Turning some leaves over to discover if bugs are the reason for the yellow leaves. Not enough fertiliser The most common cause is wet leaves or high humidity. It’s been raining frequently–often heavy downpours–and when it hasn’t been raining it’s been quite humid. ~ Dragons, Fairies and even a Mini-Paul! Moisture stress The most common reason that plants’ leaves turn yellow is because of moisture stress, which can be from either over watering or under watering. Some can be related to a disease, pests, improper humidity, transplanting stress, not enough or too much sunlight, plant aging, etc. In July or August, simply cut back this season’s soft growth to two or three leaves from the base. Try changing the amount of sunlight or water the plant gets and possibly apply a fertilizer. Why are my elephant ears turning yellow? Feed gooseberry bushes in early spring with sulphate of potash (follow packet instructions) and a generous mulch of well-rotted manure or compost. Older, lower leaves turn yellow and fall as new leaves and shoots are produced in warm weather. Knockout roses are most diseases and stress-tolerant flowers. This is a tough one too. Another clue is the brown tips go in further than typical nutrient burn. That’s why it’s always important to individually diagnose your different plants. It is true. Bougainvillea, euphorbia, pineapple, dogwood, banana, Douglas fir and other conifers. 1 – Lack of Sunlight. Two types of powdery mildew, American and European, attack Ribes plants. An immobile nutrient like iron, however, is essentially stuck in older leaves. Be sure to rotate your pots periodically, so all foliage is exposed to sunlight. As long as most of the palm stays green and eventually weeds out the yellow, all is well. One of the signs of stress from azaleas with root rot is that leaves may turn yellow (along with a wilting appearance and falling leaves). Well keep reading because there are a LOT of reasons why houseplant leaves can turn yellow! So both the air and the soil are saturated–a recipe for plant disease if the plants aren’t adapted to those conditions. Getting too little light is one possible cause for yellowing leaves, and the first thing most indoor gardeners think of. Could you hold this kitten for a sec? In general, when some of the leaves or all the leaves turn suddenly yellow, that’s a sign that something disturbs the plant. Why are the leaves on my Money Tree turning yellow? Though I haven’t seen that on any ceanothus before. Cut back the yellow leaves and wait for it to return next spring. Mildew is most important as a disease of gooseberries, but it does occur in a mild form on currants. 1. Additionally, you do not want to burn the plants. We’ve researched and compiled everything you should understand about changing the colour of your cucumber plants. Spots enlarge and the central area becomes light in color with a brown border. The Poinsettia Leaves Are Curling & Turning Yellow ... Ironically, too little water will also cause the leaves to yellow and drop, so never let the soil dry out entirely. Expect some winter leaf drop in cooler climates. In overly wet soil, roots can't breathe. Water well during dry spells. To prevent mildew, keep the centre of the bush open. Waiting is a really bad option. Unfortunately, any of these three could potentially hurt the succulent plant and cause yellowing. Leaves become soft and mushy, and begin to rot. Alternatively, the plant may be going dormant for the season. Let it simmer for a while. However, yellowing leaves are fairly normal experience. The leaves further up are also turning yellow. Disease and Pests Diseases can also cause the leaves of a poinsettia to turn yellow or brown and curl up. Advice on the web suggests - it’s under-watered, it’s over-watered, this is what they do after flowering. Whatever the cause, here are important tips for treating yellow leaves on your Peace Lily. Why are my elephant ears turning yellow? A lot of my plants have yellow leaves that aren’t supposed to. • Take action. Location: Cache Valley, zone 4b, Irrigated, 9" rain in badlands. What are your favourite homemade tea blends? Whether you’re growing in soil, coco coir or in hydroponics, probably the most common reason to see yellowing and other nutrient deficiencies is the pH near the roots is too high or too low. Try putting your orchid in a place that receives sufficient indirect sunlight. Why are my palm tree leaves turning yellow? There are numerous reasons why the plant leaves are turning yellow. These specks are the bodies of the fungus, which contain the spores. The lighter-green areas gradually turn white. That's in my oppinion both a tasty and great way to get more of that gooseberry goodnes in a season. List of Bryant RedHawk's Epic Soil Series Threads We love visitors, that's why we live in a secluded cabin deep in the woods. See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Community Planning and Engagement, Pollinators and Pesticide Sprays during Bloom in Fruit Plantings, Strawberry Disease - Angular Leaf Spot Favors Cold, Wet Conditions. I have several cape gooseberries flowering like mad, they are vigorous, however all the new growth is turning yellow and falling off. Problems and solutions. lack of fertilizer of too much fertilzer, roots rotting due to fungus, insects, etc, too much sun or lack of sunlight, the plants are not suitable to your climate, Cut back the yellow leaves and wait for it to return next spring. The leaves on your Philodendron could be turning yellow for a number of reasons. Affected leaves soon turn yellow and then drop. Overwatering is one of the most common reasons why plants turn yellow. The green leaves turn to yellow leaves…this process is completely normal. Phytophthora gummosis – Phytophthora gummosis presents itself as an orange tree with yellow leaves that drop with gummy inner bark, dry cracked bark with sap oozing lesions, and eventu… The leaves on your Money Tree could be turning yellow for a number of reasons. Unfiltered water containing adverse chemicals can also cause this issue. This would be similar to the red leaves around the flowers on Poinsettia. New leaves can bring back the beauty of the plant again. Monstera adansonii leaves turn yellow because of an incorrect amount of water, light, and fertilizer. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Having said that, some plants like root vegetables can handle some shade. To help them, you must identify the reason first and find a way to fix it. You can notice cucumber leaves turning yellow or wilt. The main clue is the yellow striping on the leaves, which tends to get worse over time until leaves are mostly yellow. This is a fungus infection appearing first as numerous dark-brown to black dots scattered at random over one or both surfaces of the leaf. Mineral deficiency is one of the major causes of chlorosis in plants and in gardenias the most common deficiencies are magnesium, nitrogen and iron, which result in the leaves turning from a glossy green shade to a bright yellow. Remove the damaged leaves and change the location of the plant. There is a very full article on growing gooseberries in pots here. My Oxalis' Leaves Are Turning Yellow. A pair of unhealthy Aloe vera plants that have been overwatered and exposed to sudden cold weather. We are concerned only with the American type. Generally, these are on the bottom of the tree. There are a few possible reasons for yellowing pepper plant leaves, and it is almost always fixable. In many cases, a plant has yellowing leaves just because it is still getting settled … One of the most common issues when growing peppers is a discoloration of the leaves. Pruning is easy. As the infection progresses, the entire surface of these parts becomes covered with a whitish growth. Thanks Guys! Let’s investigate and get to the bottom of this! Cape gooseberry new leaves yellowing and falling off, help! Improper watering, fertilizing problems, environmental stress, lack of light, insects, and […] JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. A common reason for hydrangeas leaves turning yellow is the lack of trace elements in the soil. Once the roots start to rot, the absorption of water and nutrients is negatively impacted. Why do we need this? Heat stress can cause yellow, burnt leaves if plants are kept too close to a light source. Loss of nitrogen turns the older leaves yellow, while new growth comes in green. If they are, use a mandevilla-safe pesticide or organic insecticidal soap to help eliminate the problem. Underwatering, or drought, has a similar effect. View our privacy policy. Why are the leaves on my Philodendron turning yellow? Moisture. It doesn’t mean your plant won’t survive, but it does mean it needs a little extra care. When young leaves turn yellow between the veins, this may signal iron chlorosis. List of Cascadia Bloggers and Facebook Pages! The older leaves dry up and fall off while the … Location: Arkansas - Zone 7B/8A stoney, sandy loam soil pH 6.5. The flooded roots are cut off from the air, due to which the roots cease to receive water and nutrients. Essentially, when the plant is first brought indoors, it has to adapt to vastly different growing conditions: a more stable temperature, lower air humidity and, especially, a severe drop in light levels. "Buzzard's Roost (Asnikiye Heca) Farm." European black currants and wild gooseberries are the main hosts of blister rust when white pines are growing in the vicinity. Let’s investigate and get to the bottom of this! So, are you wondering why your orchid leaves turning yellow? Fungal Diseases. Heavy mildew deposits will cause stunting and premature drying of the foliage, affecting fruit production and weakening the plants. To treat this, dissolve a teaspoon of Epsom salts in … If the lower leaves appear to be more faded than yellow, it could be a sign of a light deficiency. They are slow release fertilisers which provide a good range of nutrients. Can You Eat Gooseberries Raw? To avoid yellow leaves, Calatheas need bright, indirect light, high humidity, and consistently moist soil. The tell-tale sign of this is when the affected leaves are all at the bottom of the plant. Moisture. Joseph has it right for this family of plants. Each type has different needs – so let’s take a look. Each year, the red and pink flowers of Valentine's Day give way to spring-green shamrocks as St. Patrick's Day draws near. Yellowing leaves can also be caused by stress from overwatering, droughts, temperature extremes, acclimation issues, nutrition, drafts, pests, or old age. The best way to identify if the leaves are turning yellow naturally is to monitor the tree closely and watch the pattern. Let’s investigate and get to the bottom of this! Plants that receive too little light will often start to yellow on the lower leaves before … Yet another cause for the problem of why my plants leaves are turning yellow! Water issues — either too much or too little — are the leading reason behind yellow leaves. The spots enlarge, become more angular in outline, and sometimes have a purplish margin. So, why is your succulent turning yellow? There are many reasons why your cucurbit leaves are turning yellow. I need to adjust this tiny ad: current server time (not your local time) is. Gooseberries do not like damp roots, so stick your finger deep into the soil and check how wet it is there. Why Are My Tomato Plant’s Bottom Leaves Turning Yellow? Here are the common reasons why your plants leaves may be turning yellow, and some easy steps to get them healthy again. It was raining for a couple days when the problem started after I watered them once and the soil was wet. If your orchid’s leaves are turning yellow with black spots, this can indicate a bacterial or fungal disease. Light causing hibiscus yellow leaves. Leaf tips darken and dry out. Here’s why your tomato leaves are turning yellow. Black dots called perithecia, which contain spores of the fungus, appear in the fungal mats covering the affected areas. Another common reason why your dumb cane houseplant might be turning yellow is the weather. More often than not, yellowing leaves are the result of too much moisture and not enough air circulation. Moisture. I have presumed that this is a method of attracting more pollinators... Because the yellow leaves mimic flower petals and might attract bugs more efficiently. Again, too much sunlight can result in hibiscus leaves turning yellow as well as the development of white spots, which signal plant burn. Some leaves may also begin to curl. The spots have a reddish appearance. 1. Infection occurs during wet, humid weather in plantings in low areas with poor air circulation. Promoting permaculture to save our planet. Pruned Moringa tree last fall, now not growing, Transforming 20 Acres of Timber Lot Into a Hedged Homestead. It is most evident just before fruit ripens. The most common cause of yellowing leaves among Philodendron plants is improper soil moisture–in particular, overwatering. If yellow leaves are found all over the plant, overwatering is a likely culprit. Many of these are fungal diseases that are caused by over watering. 1. The leaves on my three-year-old blueberry bush are yellowing and this year it produced hardly any fruit. Just put some leaves in a cup and pour on boiling water. Eventually, the leaves will simply fall off when the time comes. In the spring, small, yellow spots can be seen on the underside of leaves. The diseased leaves, especially on currants, turn yellow and drop. When something takes place in your cucumber plant, leaves are the first to alarm you. There are many reasons why your cucurbit leaves are turning yellow. LEARN HOW TO STOP THE INVASIVE SPOTTED LANTERNFLY, Coronavirus: Information and resources for the Extension Community. Yellowing leaves on orange trees are often the result of a disease, most often a fungal disease such as Phytophthora gummosis (foot rot), Phytophthora root rot (caused by the same fungus as gummosis), and Armillaria root rot (oak root fungus). I wonder when they will become more deep rooted? Due to the lack of nutrients, the plant’s immune system undergoes serious attacks. John from http://www.growingyourgreens.com/ shares with you why your leafy green vegetable plant leaves may turn yellow. Alternatively, the plant may be going dormant for the season. The best feed for gooseberries (if any is required) is bonemeal or fish, blood and bone. List of Bryant RedHawk's Epic Soil Series Threads, https://permies.com/t/61704/Food-Forest-Card-Game-Game. Tricks to Keep the Dirt from Sliding off a Hugel. So before you get water happy, research your plant and make sure that each plant gets its OWN dose of water. Why are the leaves on my Arrowhead Plant turning yellow? If the leaves of your elephant ear are turning yellow it could mean there is a problem. The spots typically appear on the foliage in June, at which time they resemble anthracnose. The rust affects leaves, stems, and fruit but is commonly found on the leaves and leaf petioles. The leaves on your Arrowhead Plant could be turning yellow for a number of reasons. See basic cultural guidelines for the control of plant diseases. There are lots of possibilities, viz. You’ll need to act fast to prevent it from spreading. Lack of Light – To determine if your yellow leaves are caused by a lack of light check the lower leaves first. Watering Problems. They suffocate, shut down and stop delivering the water and nutrients plants need. It could be under-watered as it has been quite dry until earlier in the week. The leaves of a Phalaenopsis orchid can burn and turn yellow if they are exposed to direct sunlight. But there are some different reasons, as well. But sometimes they also need help to solve some problems such as yellow leaves. As a result, the orchid's leaves turn yellow, lose their elasticity, and the root system decreases. Table 2.4 lists pesticides available on various fruit crops for the control of diseases. If the leaves of your elephant ear are turning yellow it could mean there is a problem. Daylilies are simple to care for once established, but young plants need regular moisture to put out good root systems that sustain growth. Leaves dry out and wither. I have noticed on Physalis species that it is common for leaves next to the flowers to turn yellow. References Yellowing leaves are a common sign of many problems. You can use a pelleted form, or there is a powdered form called 6X. Transplant Shock. If you have a plant that has yellow leaves, check the soil in the pot to see if the soil is dry. What causes the leaves of your mint plant to turn yellow? Plants (especially vegetables) typically need an average of 6 hours of sun every day. As palms grow, a few old palm fronds turn yellow and fall off. How to Fix: The infected foliage must be cut away. Poor drainage and too much water results in the soil remaining wet. Often the leaves of plants that are under-watered will be crispy with a slight curl to the leaf while over-watered leaves will be limp. It is the lifecycle of the leaves, and changing the leaves is very important because after some time you might notice that some of the leaves turn tired and exhausted. Let’s tackle each of these causes in order of probability. They appear to be nestled in an enclosed corner, which would hold considerable moisture. 1) Waterlogged vs. Dehydration: The most typical reason your plant’s leaves turned yellow is because of water, but it’s tricky to understand whether you are over-watering or under-watering the plant. To fix this, use a kelp spray solution or add zinc to the soil bed. Cannabis plants have a difficult time absorbing nutrients when the pH is off, resulting in nutrient deficiencies even if the nutrients are actually present near the roots. If several leaves are turning yellow (rather than brown which would suggest under-watering) and falling at the same time, I think this may be caused by over-watering; it is worth checking whether your container is delivering the right amount of water.. This viral disease appears as a chlorotic pattern (light and dark areas) on the leaves.