1485 – Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. [30] Grijalva was coldly received by the governor, who Alvarado had turned against him, claiming much of the glory of the expedition for himself. The battle took place on 26 May 1524 and resulted in a significant reduction of the Xinca population. Cuarenta años después de la muerte de su padre -que tuvo lugar el 4 de julio de 1541- Doña Leonor se preocupó de su traslado a la Catedral de Antigua junto al de última esposa, Doña Beatriz de la Cueva. Alvarado best 100% FREE online dating site. Pedro De Alvarado Y Xicoténcatl 1521 - Unknown. [2], Pedro de Alvarado was flamboyant and charismatic,[3] and was both a brilliant military commander[4] and a cruel, hardened man. Alvarado led the first effort by Spanish forces to extend their dominion to the nation of Cuzcatlan (in modern El Salvador), in June 1524. Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. "[13] In his easy recourse to violence, Alvarado was a product of his time, and Alvarado was not the only conquistador to have resorted to such actions. Whether this epithet refers to Don Alvarado's red hair, some esoteric quality attributed to him, or both, is disputed. Two subsequent expeditions were required (the first in 1525, followed by a smaller group in 1528) to bring the Pipil under Spanish control. 1495 – Guadalajara, New Spain, 4 July 1541) was a Spanish conquistador and governor of Guatemala. Alvarado is best remembered in Guatemala, where he is even more reviled than is Hernán Cortés in Mexico. Also aboard were Francisco de Montejo and Bernal Díaz del Castillo, veterans of the Grijalva expedition. Señor de Grimaldo, Almofraque y Carchuelas, Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, a, Pedro de Alvarado, who disappeared at sea when travelling to Spain, Gómez de Alvarado, without further notice, The massacre in the Main Temple, Tenochtitlán. Portocarrero participated in numerous battles against the Indians. He is considered the conquistador of most of Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras). Four decades after Alvarado's death, his mestiza daughter Leonor de Alvarado Xicoténcatl paid to transport his remains to Guatemala for reburial in the cathedral of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, now Antigua Guatemala. hueste indiana, muestra inequívoca del poder y riqueza de Alvarado. [69][nb 1] The Kaqchikel kings provided native soldiers to assist the conquistadors against continuing K'iche' resistance and to help with the defeat of the neighbouring Tz'utuhil kingdom. Alvarado was wounded on his left thigh, remaining handicapped for the rest of his life. She was a Nahua noblewoman, daughter of the Tlaxcallan King Xicotencatl the Elder. 78-79. [1] During Cortés' absence, relations between the Spaniards and their hosts went from bad to worse, and Alvarado ordered a preemptive slaughter of Aztec nobles and priests observing a religious festival. After Moctezuma was killed in the attempt to negotiate with his own people, the Spaniards determined to escape by fighting their way across one of the causeways that led from the city across the lake and to the mainland. Historiography portrays that indigenous people, both Nahuatl-speakers and speakers of other languages, called him Tonatiuh, meaning "sun" in the Nahuatl language. 12. The defending warriors were described by Alvarado as engaging in fierce hand-to-hand combat using spears, stakes and poisoned arrows. At this time Alvarado requested permission from the king for an expedition south along the Pacific coast, to conquer any lands there that had not already been claimed for the Crown, and specifically rejected that Cortés should accompany him. Pedro de Alvarado y doña Luisa, objeto de pacto entre su padre y los indígenas. She drowned a few days after taking office in the destruction of the capital city Ciudad Vieja by a sudden flow from the Volcán de Agua in 1541. Portocarrero participated in numerous battles against the Indians. [24], Diego Velázquez, the governor of Cuba, was enthused by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba's report of gold in the newly discovered Yucatán Peninsula. 74–5. The Schele and Fahsen dates are used in this section. He is considered the conquistador of much of Central America, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. In 1534, Alvarado heard tales of the riches of Peru, headed south to the Andes and attempted to bring the province of Quito under his rule. Jorge Alvarado y Contreras was born in 1500, at birth place, to Diego Gómez Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval, Comendador de Lobón, Puebla, Montijo y Cubillana and Leonor Contreras Carvajal y Gutierrez (born de Contreras y Gutiérrez de Trejo). Gómez de Alvarado y Messía de Sandoval. Pedro de Alvarado, conquistador (1485-1541) Badajoz-Guadalajara (México). Bio: Mexicana, estudié medicina y estoy interesada en aprender a escribir. Spanish efforts were firmly resisted by the indigenous people known as the Pipil and their Mayan speaking neighbors. Bantam Books, 2009, p.166. The two forces of Conquistadors almost came to battle; however, Alvarado bartered to Pizarro's group most of his ships, horses, and ammunition, plus most of his men, for a comparatively modest sum of money, and returned to Guatemala.[1]. [76], Pedro de Alvarado rapidly began to demand gold in tribute from the Kaqchikels, souring the friendship between the two peoples. An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. Alvarado's troops encountered a sizeable quantity of gathered warriors and quickly routed them through the city's streets. Historians judge that his greed drove him to excessive cruelty,[5] and his Spanish contemporaries denounced his extreme brutality during his lifetime. After the death of Alvarado, de la Cueva maneuvered her own election and succeeded him as governor of Guatemala, becoming the only woman to govern a major political division of the Americas in Spanish colonial times. [68] After the destruction of Q'umarkaj and the execution of its rulers, Pedro de Alvarado sent messages to Iximche, capital of the Kaqchikel, proposing an alliance against the remaining K'iche' resistance. Alvarado gathered his troops and went to help Oñate. Casó en dos ocasiones: primero con Teresa Suárez de Moscoso y Figueroa, y en segundo lugar con Leonor de Contreras. He was altogether destitute of that moderation, which, in the delicate position he occupied, was a quality of more worth than all the rest. IV. Recinos 1986, pp. Alvarado y Contreras, (Conquistador de México y Guatemala) (de) 1485-1541, son of Gómez de Alvarado y Mexia de Sandoval, Comendador de Lobón, Puebla, Montijo y Cubillana and Leonor Gutiérrez de Contrera y Trejos, married to Francisca de la Cueva y Benavides, Beatriz de la Cueva y Benavides, María Luisa Xiconténcatl y Tecubalsi,. Bautizada con el nombre de Luisa, le dio dos hijos, Pedro y Leonor; y puede que un tercero llamado Diego. Alvar García de Bejarano or de Orellana, Señor de Orellana la Nueva, 3. Así es, en la novela de Rosario Aguilar las mujeres se salen del esquema maniqueo, que Kinder: Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, Pedro de Alvarado, Diego de Alvarado, Gómez de Alvarado, Ana (Anita) de Alvarado (alle illegitimen) Frühen Lebensjahren Pedro genaues Geburtsjahr ist unbekannt, es war wahrscheinlich irgendwann zwischen 1485 … Alvarado developed a plan to outfit an armada that would sail from the western coast of Mexico to China and the Spice Islands. Autor: Jesús María García Añoveros Retrato de Alvarado. 2. “Doña Luisa”: la hija del cacique tlaxcalteco Xicotenga y amante de Pedro de Alvarado, el conquistador de México y Guatemala; 3. “Doña Beatriz”: Beatriz de la Cueva, la segunda esposa de Pedro de Alvarado, la que falleció en la inundación de Santiago de los Caballeros en 1541; 4. Autor: Jesús María García Añoveros Retrato de Alvarado. [29], The fleet left Cuba in April 1518,[30] and made its first landfall upon the island of Cozumel,[31] off the east coast of Yucatán. Some of the villages mentioned here no longer exist, and the names of some have been changed. [62] This battle exhausted the K'iche' militarily and they asked for peace and offered tribute, inviting Pedro de Alvarado into their capital Q'umarkaj, which was known as Tecpan Utatlan to the Nahuatl-speaking allies of the Spanish. Alvarado had no issue from either of his marriages. Memorialize Juan's life with photos and stories about him and the Godoy Alvarado family history. Juan Godoy Alvarado's bio. Fernán Núñez de Contreras or Fernando Martínez de Contreras, 26. Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras (Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain, ca. [47][page needed]. At that time, Honduras consisted of a single settlement of Spaniards in Trujillo, but he declined to act on it. Sign up now! [24] Soon after the invasion, Alvarado was managing a prosperous hacienda in the new colony. por los nuevos altares y hogares la bendicion de cristo.” plata 0.900 25 grs 40 mm. With Luisa de Tlaxcala Pedro de Alvarado had three children: By other women, in more casual relationships, he had two other children: Pedro de Alvarado, as imagined by painter Tomás Povedano in 1906. At great cost, he assembled and equipped 13 ships and approximately 550 soldiers for the expedition. [26] He placed his nephew Juan de Grijalva in overall command;[27] Pedro de Alvarado captained one of the ships. Relations between the Spaniards and their hosts were uneasy, especially given Cortés' repeated insistence that the Aztecs desist from idol worship and human sacrifice; in order to ensure their own safety, the Spaniards took the Aztec king Moctezuma hostage. Francisco de Montejo had a rival claim, and was installed by the Spanish king as Governor of Honduras in 1540. "Conquistador and Colonial Elites of Central America (list)", http://web.archive.org/web/20100616174716/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/linkages/datasets/p-connew.txt, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01372d.htm%7Ceditors=, http://www.archive.org/details/astatisticaland00bailgoog, Articles with Spanish-language external links, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Spanish colonial governors and administrators, 16. Diego was a veteran of the campaigns against the Moors. Alvarado led the first effort by Spanish forces to extend their dominion to the nation of Cuzcatlán (El Salvador), in June 1524. One of his companions walked out to the end of the pole after removing his cloak and sword, and returned to the tower backwards. Gall 1967, p. 41. Despite Alvarado's initial success in the Battle of Acajutla, the indigenous people of Cuzcatlán, who according to tradition were led by a warlord called Atlacatl, defeated the Spaniards and their auxiliaries, and forced them to withdraw to Guatemala. [12], Pedro de Alvarado was born in 1485 in the town of Badajoz, Extremadura. He was the son of Diego Gómez de Alvarado y Mexía Sandoval y Porras, born in Badajoz in 1460, who was also the Commander of Lobón, Puebla, Montijo and Cubillana, Alcalde of Montanchez, Trece of the Order of Santiago, Lord of Castellanos, a Maestresala official instructor of Henry IV of Castile and Generalof the Frontier of Portugal. [63] Pedro de Alvarado sent two Kaqchikel messengers to Tecpan Atitlan at the request of the Kaqchikel lords, both of whom were killed by the Tz'utujil. Both childless. Genealogy for Lucía Xicotencatl Tecubalsi, princesa Tlaxcala (deceased) family tree on Geni, with over 200 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. 3.- Gómez de Alvarado y Mexía. Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. [83] The Spanish force camped in the captured town for eight days. [12] Alvarado stubbornly resisted attempts by the Spanish Crown to establish ordered taxation in Guatemala, and refused to acknowledge such attempts. But more so than his wives his vital companion was Luisa de Tlaxcala (also called Xicoténcalt or Tecubalsi, her original names after Catholic baptism), an Indian noblewoman, daughter of the Tlaxcaltec Chief Xicotenga. Levy, Buddy. [48]:296–300, Pedro then participated in the Siege of Tenochtitlan, commanding one of four forces under Cortés. Alvarado fue hijo de Gómez de Alvarado y de Leonor de Contreras. [75] A short time afterwards a number of lords arrived from the Pacific lowlands to swear allegiance to the king of Spain. [49] When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan, he found the Spanish force under siege. 12. IV. Gall 1967, pp. Pedro de Alvarado is a character in the opera La Conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, which depicts the major episodes of the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1521 and the subsequent destruction of the Aztec civilization. Schele & Mathews 1999, p. 386. n. 15. [46], Alvarado commanded one of the eleven vessels in the fleet and also acted as Cortés' second in command during the expedition's first stay in the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán. Adrián Recinos sugirió que nació en 22 de marzo de 1524 (Diccionario Histórico Biográfico, 2004). Su dramática agonía, arrepentimiento y muerte ha sido narrada por varios cronistas. [72] When news of the killing of the messengers reached the Spanish at Iximche, the conquistadors marched against the Tz'utujil with their Kaqchikel allies. conoció con el nombre de Luisa Xicotenga. [30], Grijalva did not land at any of these cities and turned back north to loop around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula and sail down the west coast. [53] Alvarado's army included hardened veterans of the conquest of the Aztecs, and included cavalry and artillery;[54] there were also a great many indigenous allies from Cholula, Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlaxcala, and Xochimilco. The fleet was about to set sail in 1541 when Alvarado received a letter from Cristóbal de Oñate, pleading for help against hostile Indians who were besieging him at Nochistlán. descubre los enredos porbocados por Ana y Celia para con Leonor y Carlos. 40–41. But, underneath this showy exterior, the future conqueror of Guatemala concealed a heart rash, rapacious, and cruel. Portocarrero participated in numerous battles against the Indians. Matthew 2012, pp. leonor de alvarado xicotenga. Fowler 1985, p. 41. El 2 de. Se casó en primeras nupcias con Lucía Xicoténcatl Tecubalsi, hija del Señor de Tlaxcala , con quien procreó una hija. He divided up the Indian labor in repartimiento grants to his soldiers and some of the colonists, and returned to Guatemala. Despite Alvarado's initial success in the Battle of Acajutla, the indigenous people of Cuzcatlán, who according to tradition were led by a warlord called Atlacatl, defeated the Spaniards and their auxiliaries, and forced them to withdraw to Guatemala. [86] Alvarado and his army defeated and occupied the most important Xinca city, named as Atiquipaque. According to the illustrious 17th-century historian father Domingo Juarros in his Compendio de la historia de la cuidad de guatemala, pagina 347. Definitions of Pedro_de_Alvarado, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Pedro_de_Alvarado, analogical dictionary of Pedro_de_Alvarado (English) Alvarado made a triumphal entry to Santiago de Cuba, with a great display of the wealth that had been gained from the expedition. During a visit to Spain, in 1537, Alvarado had the governorship of Honduras reconfirmed in addition to that of Guatemala for the next seven years. Vecino de Badajoz, Extremadura. Yet he was also called "Red Sun" in Nahuatl, which allows a variety of interpretations. [11] Alvarado was little suited to govern; when he held governing positions, he did little to establish stable foundations for colonial rule. In 1536, ostensibly in response to a letter asking for aid from Andrés de Cereceda, then acting Governor of the Province of Honduras, Alvarado and his army of Indian allies arrived in Honduras, just as the Spanish colonists were preparing to abandon the country and go look for gold in Peru. [48]:377–378,381,384–385,388–389 Alvarado's company was the first to make it to the Tlateloco marketplace, setting fire to the Aztec shrines. At first, Alvarado allied himself with the Kakchiquel nation in his conquest of their traditional rivals, the Quiché nation, but his cruelties alienated the Kakchiquel, and he needed several years to stamp out resistance in the region. Leonor de Alvarado Xicoténcatl (Guatemala, 22 de marzo de 1524 – 1583) fue la hija de Pedro de Alvarado y de la princesa tlaxcalteca Luisa Xicoténcatl y la primera mestiza nacida en Guatemala (Diccionario Histórico Biográfico, 2004). Alvar García de Bejarano or de Orellana, Señor de Orellana la Nueva, 3. Clendinnen 2003, p. 14. His early arrival in Cuba allowed him to ingratiate himself with the Governor Velázquez before Grijalva's return. After the death of her husband, de la Cueva maneuvered her own election and succeeded him as governor of Guatemala, becoming the only woman to govern a major political division of the Americas in Spanish colonial times. Portocarrero participated in numerous battles against the Indians. 4 AGI, Audiencia de Guatemala, Legajo 128, “Un Libro de Tasaciones de los Naturales del as Provincias de Guatemala, Nicaragua, Yucatan y Pueblos de Comayagua, año de 1548 a 1551.” Seven hundred of these came as part of the pueblo of Çacatepeque and twenty from Joanagaçapa. Alvarado's letter to Hernán Cortés describing his passage through Soconusco is lost, and knowledge of events there come from the account of Bernal Díaz del Castillo, who was not present, but related the report of Gonzalo de Alvarado. This battle took place on 18 April. [18] An example is the tale then current that when he was a youth awaiting passage to the Americas, he climbed the church tower in Seville with some friends. Fernán Núñez de Contreras or Fernando Martínez de Contreras, 26. Alvarado remained governor of Guatemala until his death. [85], Alvarado's army continued eastwards from Atiquipaque, seizing several more Xinca cities. He is considered the conquistador of much of Central America, including Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. [30] The Maya inhabitants of Cozumel fled the Spanish; the fleet then sailed south from Cozumel, along the east coast of the peninsula. [45] While marching toward Tenochtitlan, the expedition made a slight detour to travel through Tlaxcalteca lands. Resumen los empeños de una casa preparatoria. [19], Alvarado's paternal grandfather was Juan Alvarado "el Viejo" ("the elder"), who was comendador of Hornachos, and his paternal grandmother was Catalina Messía. Recinos 1986, p. 18. Alvarado broke his promise and instead married Francisca de la Cueva. Vecino de Badajoz, Extremadura. Recinos 1986, p. 82. [92] In 1534, Alvarado heard tales of the riches of Peru, headed south to the Andes and attempted to bring the province of Quito under his rule. [23] It is around this time that Pedro de Alvarado emerges into the historical record as a prosperous and influential hacienda-owner, already well connected with Velázquez, who was now governor of Cuba. Francisco de Montejo had a rival claim, and was installed by the Spanish king as Governor of Honduras in 1540. [58] On 8 February 1524 Alvarado's army fought a battle at Xetulul, called Zapotitlán by his Mexican allies (modern San Francisco Zapotitlán). In the battle that ensued, the Spanish and their indigenous allies suffered minor losses but the Pipil were able to flee into the forest, sheltered from Spanish pursuit by the weather and the vegetation. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, a conquistador trusted by his father-in-law, whom he accompanied during the conquests of Mexico and Guatemala. She died shortly after their arrival in America. Ésta era hija de Gonzalo de Contreras Carvajal y de Isabel Gutiérrez de Trejo y Ulloa. as "an insatiable despot who recognized no authority but his own and who regarded Guatemala as little more than his personal estate."[1]. They managed to catch some locals and used them to send messages to the Tz'utujil lords, ordering them to submit to the king of Spain. American historian William H. Prescott described Alvarado's character in the following terms: Alvarado was a cavalier of high family, gallant and chivalrous, and [Cortes'] warm personal friend. 1. In 1532, Alvarado received a Royal Cedula naming him Governor of the Province of Honduras. Four decades after Alvarado's death, his daughter Leonor de Alvarado Xicoténcatl paid to transport his remains to Guatemala for reburial in the cathedral of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, now Antigua Guatemala. His hair and beard were blond, which earned him the name of To­natiuh from the Aztecs, the name of one of their sun gods. [25] He organised an expedition consisting of four ships and 260 men. 1485 or ca. [48]:396–308, Pedro de Alvarado describing the approach to Quetzaltenango in his 3rd letter to Hernán Cortés[51], Cortés despatched Pedro de Alvarado to invade Guatemala with 180 cavalry, 300 infantry, crossbows, muskets, 4 cannons, large amounts of ammunition and gunpowder, and thousands of allied Mexican warriors. Hernán Cortés was placed in command;[30] Pedro de Alvarado and his brothers Jorge, Gómez and Juan "El Bastardo" joined the expedition. She drowned a few weeks after taking office in the destruction of the capital city Ciudad Vieja by a sudden flow from the Volcan de Agua in 1541. During the conquest of the Americas, tales of his youthful exploits in Spain became popular legends, but their veracity is doubtful. [30] From Cozumel, the fleet looped around the north of the Yucatán Peninsula and followed the coast to the Tabasco River. Recinos 1998, p. 101. The K'iche' warriors, seeing their lords taken prisoner, attacked the Spaniards' indigenous allies and managed to kill one of the Spanish soldiers. Luisa followed Alvarado in his pursuit of conquests beyond central Mexico. Alvarado was deeply suspicious of the K'iche' intentions but accepted the offer and marched to Q'umarkaj with his army. In 1536, ostensibly in response to a letter asking for aid from Andrés de Cereceda, then acting Governor of the Province of Honduras, Alvarado and his army of Indian allies arrived in Honduras, just as the Spanish colonists were preparing to abandon the country and go look for gold in Peru. Relations between the Spaniards and their hosts were uneasy, especially given Cortés' repeated insistence that the Aztecs desist from idol worship and human sacrifice; in order to ensure their own safety, the Spaniards took the Aztec king Moctezuma hostage. Recinos 1986, pp. Ten days later the Spanish declared war on the Kaqchikel. [20] By 1511 a system of licenses had been established in Spain to control the flow of colonists to the New World. Casó en dos ocasiones: primero con Teresa Suárez de Moscoso y Figueroa, y en segundo lugar con Leonor de Contreras. [91] Technically, this was not his first marriage as he married an indigenous woman, daughter to Xicotencatl the Younger, who was referred to as Dona Luisa by Spanish speakers and Tlecuiluatzin by Nahuatl speakers. Francisca de la Cueva died shortly after their arrival in America. [56] By 1524, Soconusco had been completely pacified by Alvarado and his forces. [77], Two years later, on 9 February 1526, a group of sixteen Spanish deserters burnt the palace of the Ahpo Xahil, sacked the temples and kidnapped a priest, acts that the Kaqchikel blamed on Pedro de Alvarado. His K'iche opponent Tecún Umán is a national hero whose likeness appears on the 1/2 Quetzal note. She died in 1535 and was buried at the Guatemala Cathedral. These efforts established many towns such as San José Acatempa in 1525 and Esquipulas in 1560. [22], Soon after arriving in Santo Domingo, on Hispaniola, Pedro de Alvarado established a friendship with Hernán Cortés, who at the time was serving as public scribe. Kaqchikel alliance and conquest of the Tz'utujil, 315,319,333,351,355–356,358,360,363,369–370,372. [42] The Maya prepared for battle but the Spanish horses and firearms quickly decided the outcome. 764–765. Alvarado gathered his troops and went to help Oñate. Alvarado's inhumanity to native populations is depicted in various sources, including the Lienzo de Quauhquechollan, wherein it is documented that he enslaved natives, and murdered them by means such as hanging, burning, and throwing them alive to dogs.[2]. A banner pole extended some 3.0 to 3.7 metres (10 to 12 ft) from an upper window. Alvarado, afraid of being mocked, walked out onto the pole with both sword and cloak, and turned around at the end to return to the tower facing it. Both childless. [52] Pedro de Alvarado passed through Soconusco with a sizeable force in 1523, en route to conquer Guatemala. [1] He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. [82], Pedro de Alvarado pressed ahead and when the Spanish entered the town the defenders were completely unprepared, with the Pipil warriors indoors sheltering from the torrential rain. Because Alvarado and his allies could not understand the Xinca language, Alvarado took extra precautions on the march eastward by strengthening his vanguard and rearguard with ten cavalry apiece. Conquistador. This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is. This marriage gave Alvarado extra leverage at court and was far more useful to his long term interests; Alvarado thereafter maintained a friendship with Francisco de los Cobos that allowed him access to the king's favour. Juan Godoy Alvarado's bio. When Cortés returned to the Gulf coast to deal with the newly arrived hostile expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, Alvarado remained in Tenochtitlan as commander of the Spanish enclave, with strict orders to make sure that Moctezuma not be permitted to escape. People Projects Discussions Surnames The Tlaxcalteca attacked the Spanish force numerous times but they were unable to rout the Spanish forces. Pedro de Alvarado, conquistador (1485-1541) Badajoz-Guadalajara (México). The Spanish and their allies arrived at the lakeshore after a day's hard march, without encountering any opposition. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded Spanish city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, a conqueror trusted by his father-in-law, whom he accompanied during the conquests of Mexico and Guatemala. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, nacida en la recién fundada ciudad española de Santiago de los Caballeros, se casó con Pedro de Portocarrero, un conquistador en el que confiaba su suegro, a quien acompañó durante las conquistas de México y Guatemala. [37] The rest of the fleet put into the port of Havana five months after it had left. Once across, the conquistadors ransacked nearby settlements in an effort to terrorise the K'iche'. Recinos 1998, p. 29. The Maya remained hidden in the forest, so the Spanish boarded their ships and continued along the coast. In 1528, by coincidence both Alvarado and Cortés were in Seville at the same time, but Cortés ignored him.[91]. [32] At Campeche the Spanish opened fire against the city with small cannon; the inhabitants fled, allowing the Spanish to take the abandoned city. "Conquistador." In 1528 the conquest of Cuzcatlán was completed and the city of San Salvador was established. Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, Levy, Buddy. [73] The rest of Alvarado's army soon reinforced his party and they successfully stormed the island. Guillemín 1965, p. 10. [77] A day later they were joined by many nobles and their families and many more people; they then surrendered at the new Spanish capital at Ciudad Vieja. As governor of Guatemala, Alvarado has been described by W. George Lovell et al. [77], On 8 May 1524, Pedro de Alvarado continued southwards to the Pacific coastal plain with an army numbering approximately 6000,[nb 4] where he defeated the Pipil of Panacal or Panacaltepeque near Izcuintepeque on 9 May. de cumarcaah solo quedaron las ruinas.” no. [14] Pedro de Alvarado had a twin sister, Sarra, and four full-blood brothers, Jorge, Gonzalo, Gómez, and Juan. [70] The Spanish only stayed briefly in Iximche before continuing through Atitlán, Escuintla and Cuscatlán. Leonor de Contreras y Gutiérrez de Trejo, 28. Leonor, fallecida su madre en 1537 y su padre en julio de 1541, acompañaba a Beatriz de la Cueva, la "Sin Ventura", segunda esposa de Pedro de Alvarado, cuando en la noche del 10 al 11 de septiembre de 1541, el volcán Hunahpú liberó el agua estancada que se encontraba en su cráter y ríos de lodo arrasaron gran parte de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, a conquistador trusted by his father-in-law, whom he accompanied during the conquests of Mexico and Guatemala. Although suffering many injuries inflicted by defending K'iche' archers, the Spanish and their allies stormed the town and set up camp in the marketplace. [71], The Kaqchikel appear to have entered into an alliance with the Spanish to defeat their enemies, the Tz'utujil, whose capital was Tecpan Atitlan. Jorge Alvarado y Contreras was born in 1500, at birth place, to Diego Gómez Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval, Comendador de Lobón, Puebla, Montijo y Cubillana and Leonor Contreras Carvajal y Gutierrez (born de Contreras y Gutiérrez de Trejo). Garci Sánchez de Varado or de Alvarado, 2. Pedro de Alvarado's mother was Diego's second wife, Leonor de Contrera… Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 765. He is considered the conquistadorof much of Central America, including Guatemalaand El Salvador. Opposite a populated island the Spanish at last encountered hostile Tz'utujil warriors and charged among them, scattering and pursuing them to a narrow causeway across which the surviving Tz'utujil fled. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded Spanish city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, a conqueror trusted by his father-in-law, whom he accompanied during the conquests of Mexico and Guatemala. From Pazaco, Alvarado crossed the Río Paz and entered what is now El Salvador.[90]. [82], According to Alvarado's letter to Cortés, the Pipil came back to the town and submitted to him, accepting the king of Spain as their overlord. [67] At this point Alvarado decided to have the captured K'iche' lords burnt to death, and then proceeded to burn the entire city. Tipos como Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, explorador, naufrago y etnologo autodidacta no son nada sospechosos de genocidas. [3] He died a few days later, on July 4, 1541, and was buried in the church at Tiripetío, a village between Patzcuaro and Morelia (in present-day Michoacán). John. [74] Three days after Pedro de Alvarado returned to Iximche, the lords of the Tz'utujil arrived there to pledge their loyalty and offer tribute to the conquistadors. Luisa was delivered by her father in 1519 to Hernán Cortés as a proof of respect and friendship, and in turn he gave her in guard to Pedro de Alvarado, who quickly became her lover. Schele & Mathews 1999, pp. Y además tenemos a nuestros "progres de izquierda" que han satanizado aquellos tiempos y a sus protagonistas. Maya temples were cast down and a Christian cross was put up on one of them. The fleet was about to set sail in 1541 when Alvarado received a letter from Cristóbal de Oñate, pleading for help against hostile Indians who were besieging him at Nochistlán.[48]:Ch.203. He held a command in the Juan de Grijalva expedition sent from Cuba against Yucatán in the spring of 1518,[1] and returned in a few months. Spanish efforts were firmly resisted by the indigenous people known as the Pipil and their Mayan speaking neighbors. [78][nb 2] The Kaqchikel people abandoned their city and fled to the forests and hills on 28 August 1524. [66], As soon as they did so, he seized them and kept them as prisoners in his camp. Maria Alvarado 1522 - Unknown. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born at the newly founded city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married first Pedro de Portocarrero, conquistador; a man who had the trust of his father in law, whom he accompanied during the conquest of Mexico and Guatemala, participating in numerous battles against the Indians. Sus padres, Gómez de Alvarado y Messía, comendador de Lobón (Badajoz), y Leonor de Contreras, de estirpe noble aunque de escasa hacienda, dejaron abundante prole, compuesta de seis hermanos y tres hermanas. Francisca de la Cueva was well connected at the royal court, being the niece of Francisco de los Cobos, the king's secretary, and a member of the powerful noble house of Albuquerque. Schele & Mathews 1999, p. 297. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 759. In 1532, Alvarado received a Royal Cedula naming him Governor of the Province of Honduras, which at that time consisted of a single settlement of Spaniards in Trujillo, but he declined to act on it. Memorialize Juan's life with photos and stories about him and the Godoy Alvarado family history. [48]:283–286 Alvarado claims he did so because he feared the Aztecs were plotting against him but there is no physical evidence to support this claim and the alleged warnings he received came from tortured captives that very likely would have said anything to make the torture stop. [43] The crew stayed only a short time before relocating to a promontory near Quiahuiztlan[44] and Cempoala, a subject city of the Aztec Empire,. After Moctezuma was killed in the attempt to negotiate with his own people, the Spaniards determined to escape by fighting their way across one of the causeways that led from the city across the lake and to the mainland. When Cortés returned to the Gulf coast to deal with the newly arrived hostile expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, Alvarado remained in Tenochtitlan as commander of the Spanish enclave, with strict orders to make sure that Moctezuma not be permitted to escape. [41] From Potonchán, the fleet continued to San Juan de Ulua. He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of the Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. [38], Grijalva's return aroused great interest in Cuba. Gutierre González de Trejo, 7. [82] A few years later, in 1529, Pedro de Alvarado was accused of using excessive brutality in his conquest of Izcuintepeque, amongst other atrocities. [77] He demanded that their kings deliver 1000 gold leaves, each worth 15 pesos. [17], Very little is known of Pedro de Alvarado's early life before his arrival in the Americas. Y la exploración de América está llena de gentes como el, como bien citas. [30], At the Papaloapan River, Alvarado ordered his ship upriver, leaving the rest of the small fleet behind to wait for him at the river mouth. Portocarrero participated in numerous battles against the Indians. the Spanish arrival at Iximche on 12 April rather than 14 April) based on vague dating in Spanish primary records. When Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan, he found the Spanish force under siege. After the death of her husband, Beatriz de la Cueva maneuvered her own election and succeeded him as governor of Guatemala, becoming the only woman to govern a major political division of the Americas in Spanish colonial times.[4]. Sharer and Traxler 2006, pp. [1] He participated in the conquest of Cuba, in Juan de Grijalva's exploration of the coasts of Yucatan and the Gulf of Mexico, and in the conquest of Mexico led by Hernán Cortés. Leonor De Alvarado Y Xicotenga Tecubalsi 1524 - 1583. [10] He was also accused of cruelty against fellow Spaniards. [33] By means of interpreters, Grijalva indicated that he wished to trade and bartered wine and beads in exchange for food and other supplies. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born at the newly founded city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, conquistador … Leonor, fallecida su madre en 1537 y su padre en julio de 1541, acompañaba a Beatriz de la Cueva, la "Sin Ventura", segunda esposa de Pedro de Alvarado, cuando en la noche del 10 al 11 de septiembre de 1541, el volcán Hunahpú liberó el agua estancada que se encontraba en su cráter y ríos de lodo arrasaron gran parte de la ciudad de Santiago de los Caballeros. Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico. His governorship of Honduras was not uncontested. In 1519 Alvarado accompanied Hernán Cortés in his expedition to Mexico,[1] commanding one of the eleven vessels in the fleet and also acting as Cortés' second in command during the expedition's first stay in the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlán. At great cost, he assembled and equipped 13 ships and approximately 550 soldiers for the expedition. Although renowned for his skill as a soldier, Alvarado is known also for the cruelty of his treatment of native populations, and mass murders committed in the subjugation of the native peoples of Mexico. 764–765. 298, 310, 386n19. Diego Gómez de Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval. They reported that neighbouring groups in Guatemala were attacking them because of their friendly outlook towards the Spanish. Cortés' and Sandoval's companies joined him there after four more days of fighting. “y la imagen de tohil tambien fue destruida. [57], Pedro de Alvarado and his army advanced along the Pacific coast unopposed until they reached the Samalá River in western Guatemala. una nueva estirpe nos fue enviada.” no. Alvarado, Pedro de. Despite never being his legitimate wife, Luisa de Tlaxcala had numerous possessions and was respected as a Doña, both for her relationship with Alvarado and for her noble origin. Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 764. Aunque Alvarado se casó en 1527 con Francisca de la Cueva, enviudó ese mismo año, así que siguió viéndose con Luisa en México y luego se la llevó consigo a Perú, así como a sus hijos mestizos Leonor y Diego. Diego O Francisco Alvarado-contreras Xicoténcatl 1523 - 1554. Alvarado developed a plan to outfit an armada that would sail from the western coast of Mexico to China and the Spice Islands. Portocarrero participated in numerous battles against the Indians. Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, born in the newly founded city of Santiago de los Caballeros, who married Pedro de Portocarrero, a conquistador trusted by his father-in-law, whom he accompanied during the conquests of Mexico and Guatemala. Ésta era hija de Gonzalo de Contreras Carvajal y de Isabel Gutiérrez de Trejo y Ulloa. [60], Almost a week later, on 18 February 1524,[61] a K'iche' army confronted the Spanish army in the Quetzaltenango valley and were comprehensively defeated; many K'iche' nobles were among the dead. In June, 1536, Alvarado engaged the indigenous resistance led by Cicumba in the lower Ulua river valley, and won. With Luisa de Tlaxcala he had three children: By other women, in concealed and occasional love affairs, he had two other children: C. S. Forester's 1937 novel The Happy Return, set in Central America in 1808, features a character El Supremo who claims to be a descendant of Alvarado by a (fictional) marriage to a daughter of Moctezuma. 1st wife Fransisca de Cueva, 2nd - her cousin Beatriz de la Cueva. [38] The crew included officers that would become famous conquistadors, including Cristóbal de Olid, Gonzalo de Sandoval and Diego de Ordaz. the Commander of municipalities including Lobón, Montijo and Cubillana, Alcalde of Montánchez, Trece of the Order of Santiago, Lord of Castellanos, a Maestresala official instructor of Henry IV of Castile and General of the Frontier of Portugal. On 12 February 1524 Alvarado's Mexican allies were ambushed in the pass and driven back by K'iche' warriors but the Spanish cavalry charge that followed was a shock for the K'iche', who had never before seen horses. Simon and Schuster, 1993, p. 233. [47][page needed], During Cortés' absence, relations between the Spaniards and their hosts went from bad to worse, and Alvarado led a massacre of Aztec nobles and priests observing a religious festival. Some of the villages mentioned here no longer exist, and the names of some have been changed. Pedro de Alvarado was born in 1485 in the town of Badajoz, Extremadura. Leonor Alvarado Cortés. Conquistador de Guatemala. The only one of the Alvarado brothers that appears in the registers is Juan de Alvarado, in 1511, leading to the assumption that the rest were already in the Americas by the time the licensing system was established.