If not I would use both results, unless you can find some way to remove the causes of the outliers. in Bayesian Data Analysis (2004) consider a data set relating to speed-of-light measurements made by Simon Newcomb. Sorry, but I don’t have any specific advice. Instead you need to highlight the range where the output goes and press Ctrl-Shft-Enter. If a method is robust to outliers, then the method gives useful results even if certain types of outliers are present. True or False: This statistic is robust to outliers. An outlier is the data point of the given sample or given observation or in a distribution that shall lie outside the overall pattern. It doesn’t worked well in my case, indicating only descriptive stats, frequency of missing data and patterns of missing data. Real Statistics Functions: The Real Statistics Resource Pack supplies the following functions: TRIMDATA(R1, p): array function which returns a column range equivalent to R1 after removing the lowest and highest 100p/2 % of the data values. (could it creates a bias in the multiple imputation?). The F statistic is based on the sample means and the sample variances, each of which is sensitive to outliers. TRIMMEAN now returns the mean of this range, namely 4.385 instead of the mean of R1 which is 5.2. This means that if any -fraction of elements is deleted the empirical mean of the remaining points will still have small distance to . Below are the various syntax used and the results: 1. Thank you in advance for any advice you may provide. 4, 6, 50, 80). Could it be a problem that my excel is in dutch? Charles, could you provide me with the excel sheet for the posted example as i tried to do it my self but i couldn’t, Keshk, That is, if we cannot determine that potential outliers are erroneous observations, do we need modify our statistical analysis to more appropriately account for these observations? 7. Observation: Since 4 data elements have been replaced, the degrees of freedom of any statistical test needs to be reduced by 4. Maybe I am missing something, but the array only seems to make a change in both tails, not the right tail only, if I keep p = 0 and p1=0.05. Thanks for your help. can u help me? Andri. For a general definition of the median, we de-note the ith ordered observation as x (i). Remark : While the mean su/ers from the outlier defect, it is still the most widely used measure. However, this approach has two major issues: (1) the arithmetic mean and the sample covariance matrix are sensitive to outliers and (2) the covariance matrix XᵗX must be invertible — more formally non singular. If the outliers are errors in data collection or reporting, then you should probably remove them first, but if they represent real data, then you probably shouldn’t remove them at all. The midrange is defined as the average of the maximum and the minimum. However, for say the -norm, this strategy will typically have error growing as in dimensions (since even for a Gaussian with identity covariance, most points have distance from the mean). Range C4:C23 contains the trimmed data in range A4:A23 using the formula, The trimmed mean (cell C24) can be calculated using either of the formulas, Range E4:E23 contains the Winsorized data in range A4:A23 using the formula, The Winsorized mean (cell E24) can be calculated using either of the formulas. book is that robust regression is extremely useful in identifying outliers, and many examples are given where all the outliers are detected in a single blow by simply running a robust estimator. I am look forward to that beer. Let XO = ( x1 , x2 , ••• , Xn) be an initial sample. Charles. Posted on December 14, 2017 by jsteinhardt in Uncategorized // 2 Comments. Please see the webpage Array Functions and Formulas for more information about how to use array formulas in general. B 111 4. =trimdata(Table36[Cat1],0,3) #Value! Outlier detection is not an easy task, especially if you want the criterion of outlierness to be robust to several factors such as sample size and distribution of the data. Keep up the good work! A 10 no more than 6% outliers in the sample. Note also that =AVERAGE(H2:H169) will have the same value as =TRIMMEAN(F2:F169:0,03). If so, you need to increase this percentage. But the new sheet made for the series of imputations returns the mark #VALUE. My data’s range C2 : C499, I don’t know why you aren’t able to get the winsorize process to work. It would be very beneficial is you published an example .xlsx file that contains the example you gave in the article. Charles. Measures of Location: Median The word median is synonymous with the middle. I’m using it for a complicated art project – if it is at all successful I’ll make sure to credit your contribution! Indeed, our outlier’s Z-score of ~3.6 is greater than 3, but just barely. error 3. Make sure that you enter the formula in the form WINSORIZE(R1, p) where R1 is a range and p is a number between 0 and .5. However, I got an issue relating winsorizing. I will fix this in the next release, which is due out within one week. I plan to add Grubbs’ test to the software shortly. Hi Charles, Thanks again ! I was unable to get your functions to work as expected. I need your help with my data collection. The sample mean is sensitive to these problems. In the paper, for instance, we show: The latter result on stochastic block models requires establishing the surprising fact that robust estimation is possible even with a majority of outliers. Charles, I have problem in locking the cells. 4, 6, 50, 80). Heh heh yes, yes. Heike, error "" "" Hello Max, Charles, Jeff, Thank you for your assistance and for providing this software. The sample mean y can be upset completely by a single outlier; if any data value yi →±∞, then y →±∞. Are there any other things I overlooked? A 10% trimmed sample would simply remove the two lowest and two highest elements (i.e. I claimed earlier that robustness to deletions implies robustness to additions. Also, find the trimmed and Winsorized means. Given the problems they can cause, you … Change ), Copyright © 2020 It is not recommended this be used sequentially to remove more than one outlier. hold down the Control and Shift keys and then press the Enter key). But should I first perform identification (+/- removal and replacement) of outliers using winsorize (for exemple) and then multiple imputation using FCS for missing data? I have the same problem with the WINSORIZE command as Mohammed and Maria. Maria, I use the formula identically for each cell from 2 to 169. Jeff, The second basis is to protect against gross errors. Other examples of robust statistics include the median, absolute deviation, and the interquartile range. =WINSORIZE($BS$2:$BS$6149;0,02), this is what I use. Your “Winsorizing” function has totally saved the day! I believe part of this may be due to some historical accident of definitions—in the statistics literature following Tukey, many researchers were interested in developing estimators with good breakdown points. are the value of p is same as each variables or refer to the outliers? I used your formula “{=winsorize(A$1:A$62780, 0.03)}” WINSORIZE(R1, p): array function which returns a column range which is the Winsorized version of R1 replacing the lowest and highest 100p/2 % of the data values. For example, suppose R1 = {5, 4, 3, 20, 1, 4, 6, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 3, 7, 2}. Any suggestions on implementing a Windsorized analysis in Excel? The trimmed mean is a robust estimate of the location of a data sample. And if I fix it in place using the $A$1 notation then all cells have the same value. I just checked and it certainly works on my computer. To measure this distance, the sample mean and variance may be used but since they are not robust to outliers, they can mask the very observations we seek to detect. The data sets for that book can be found via the Classic data sets page, and the book's website contains more information on the data. I don’t get the data for the rest of the column. [D82] D. L. Donoho. Given the above that would mean only 1 column in any 1 row would have data and the others would be blank. My country belongs to EuroZone. Can I check how I should do this and what resource pack will you recommend me to download. These are quantities computed from vii If the outliers represent normal events, then I would use your first result. In ICM, volume 6, pages 523–531, 1975. TRIMDATA(R1, p, p1): array function which returns a column range equivalent to R1 after removing the lowest 100p % of the data values and the highest 100p1 % of the data values. In any case, if you send me an Excel file with your data I will try to see why you aren’t able to winsorize your data. As usual, it really depends on how you will use the data subsequently, especially based on which tests you will run. Statistical measures such as mean, variance, and correlation are very susceptible to outliers. Charles. Doyle, Also don’t enter the formula into any cells that overlap with range R1. Here, the gorilla image is clearly noise. Resilience gives us a way of showing that certain robust estimation problems are possible. {=TRIMDATA($F$2:$F$169;0,025)}, Gives same value to all the cells. A related approach is to use Winsorized samples, in which the trimmed values are replaced by the remaining highest and lowest values. Charles. We will consider two types of adversaries: Below is a depiction of a possible strategy when Alice is an addition adversary: The blue points are the clean data, and Bob wants to estimate the true mean (the green X). Thank you so much for your perfect add-on. Best I worked on this problem with Greg and Moses and we later realized that our techniques were actually fairly general and could be used for robustly solving arbitrary convex minimization problems (CSV, 2017). Should i use for cell locking € symbol? Array formulas and functions. …. My intent here is to use the results of the trimmed data as input to the STDEV or SDDEVP. in say 500 observations, you expect some outliers) or some problem (in measurement or something else). WINMEAN(R1, p) = Winsorized mean of the data in range R1 replacing the lowest and highest 100p/2 % of the data values. [0.0789 0.0743 0.0698 0.0758 0.0870 0.0767 0.0720 0.0781 0.0752 0.0695 0.0832 0.0869 0.0828 0.0777 0.0814 0.0751 0.0592 0.0661 0.0696 0.0624 0.0574 0.0457 0.0559 0.0572 0.0607 0.968 0.899 0.969 0.839 0.804 0.078 0.069 0.080 0.081 0.083 0.102 0.091 0.108 0.102 0.102 0.092 0.092 0.083 0.085 0.091 0.088 0.084 0.091 0.088 0.098 0.066 0.071 0.074 0.074 0.090]. The appearance of the 60 completely distorts the mean in the second sample. I had a question, but I’ve managed to figure it out. Your goal is to remove outliers and reduce skewness. Charles. Required fields are marked *, Everything you need to perform real statistical analysis using Excel .. … … .. © Real Statistics 2020, One problem that we face in analyzing data is the presence of, For this example, it is obvious that 60 is a potential outlier. {=trimdata(T11:T17,0,3)} #Value! I could transpose the dataset, but for the sake of visibility, currently the matrix format suits best. You are probably ok provided the variances are not too unequal, but if they are then you mighyt want to consider using Welch’s ANOVA test instead of the usual ANOVA. Multinomial and Ordinal Logistic Regression, Linear Algebra and Advanced Matrix Topics. The breakdown point is defined as the maximum fraction of outliers tolerated before the estimator becomes meaningless (for instance, the median has a breakdown point of 50%, while the mean has a breakdown point of 0% because a single outlier can change it arbitrarily). We claim that the mean of any such is within of the mean of . Agnostic estimation of mean and covariance. Methods robust to both types of these deviations are somewhat overlooked in the literature. I also tried several of the above using a ";" (as Timo had in his entry) and a ":" (which you used in your response to Timo). Hello Charles, formula {=TRIMDATA($F$2:$F$169;0,03)} gives same number/result for each cell. Charles, Thank you for your advice. Charles. For this example, it is obvious that 60 is a potential outlier. (Such a set exists since is one such set.) Ben, Again, there is no definitive answer. Suppose that is the set of points that Bob observes, and that is the set of clean points, which is -resilient by assumption. 2. I used an [Enter] and a [CTL+SHFT+Enter] for all of the various formulas. I have a question regarding the example for using the function WINSORIZE and TRIMDATA. My own interest in this problem came from considering robustness of crowdsourced data collection when some fraction of the raters are dishonest (SVC, 2016). Note that for many values of this is substantially better than the naive bound that grows as instead of . There are a number methods for identifying outliers. Even if your country uses the euro you should still use the dollar sign $ for absolute addressing. Define a robust statistic (e.g. (d)mean, SD 2. Example 1: Find the trimmed and Winsorized data for p = 30% for the data in range A4:A23 of Figure 1. You describe that the output of your TRIMDATA and the WINSORIZE function is a column range. (e.g. B. Rao, and S. Vempala. I have a question regarding a set of data containing missing data at random and potential outliers that potentially impact the multiple regression i processed on the dataset, using only listless deletions that really shrieked the sample size. Add 1.5 x (IQR) to the third quartile. [CSV17] M. Charikar, J. Steinhardt, and G. Valiant, Learning from untrusted data, Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), 2017. [LRV16] K. A. Lai, A. Outliers: For example, in an image classification problem in which we’re trying to identify dogs/cats, one of the images in the training set has a gorilla (or any other category not part of the goal of the problem) by mistake. In Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), 2016. 8. bases of robust statistics is to use procedures that work well for such distributions. Charles, hi charles This shows that unlike the mean, the median is robust with respect to outliers. I’m trying to do a one way anova test. I am not sure what choice 3 means. I spotted a typo: Donaho should be Donoho. Anyway, I appreciate your time to answer and great that this package is free =). =trimdata(T13:T17,0,3) #Value! The steps are described on the referenced webpage. Hey Charles However, it turns out that there is a converse provided the norm is strongly convex—given a set that is resilient in a strongly convex norm, it is always possible to delete a small number of points such that the remaining points have bounded covariance. {=WINSORIZE($F$2:$F$169;0,025)}. When you try to use the WINSORIZE function what sort of result do you get? The WINSORIZE function has been part of the Real Statistics Resource since Release 2.16 in July 2014. Thank you very much for identifying this error. Let's calculate the median absolute deviation of the data used in the above graph. It helped me a great deal thus far. Charles. Once this is working I will experiment with the other trimming techniques you have supplied in this software. outlier accomodation - use robust statistical techniques that will not be unduly affected by outliers. Thanks in advance for your assistance. You can find my email address at Contact Us. I want to evaluate data by using logistic regression but my independent variables are continuous data. We will see that more sophisticated strategies can do substantially better, obtaining dimension-independent error guarantees in many cases. This doesn’t have anything to do with the Real Statistics Resource Pack, and so if this doesn’t work then your Excel software is flawed. it’s A1:A10 on the first cell, A2:A11 on the second, etc.). Variance, Standard Deviation, and Outliers – What is the 1.5 IQR rule? Therefore, by the triangle inequality the means of and are within , as claimed. In my excel 2007 it’s somehow not. When I drag it down, I have the same answer for every cells. Classification: Here, we have two types of extreme values: 1. It is each one of these columns that I would like get the Standard Deviation after the data has been trimmed. The mean is not a robust statistic (to the presence of outliers). A set with mean is said to be -resilient in a norm if, for every subset of size at least , we have. It is a quite big excel file. Yes, you are correct. In other words, a robust statistic is resistant to errors in the results. …. Could you help me what causing the difference? Charles. The result will copy all the values from A1:A62780 replacing the low and high values by blanks. If for example your data is in range A1:A10 and you want to display the result in range C1:C10, you need to highlight range C1:C10 and enter the formula =WINSORIZE(A1:A10,.4) (here I have set the p value to .4) and press Ctrl-Shft-Enter. For example: {1,2,3,4,5,10} is my data set, after finding the grubbs outlier {10} and removing that number from my calculations, the average is 3. For example, suppose R1 = {5, 4, 3, 20, 1, 4, 6, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 3, 7, 2}. The median and trimmed mean are two measures that are resistant (robust) to outliers. Thanks. I suppose the array of comparison should be same for all the cells? Keep in mind that this is a function and will not appear in the list of data analysis tools. Specifically: To elaborate a bit more on the last point, it is not hard to show that any set whose empirical distribution has bounded covariance is also -resilient for all , where the value of depends on the covariance bound. 1. so if I replace my outliers I have to redo the Levene’s test and the k-s test with the new data set? My objective here is to trim all observations belonging to Object A, followed by Object B, and so on. However, most of this recent work uses fairly sophisticated algorithms and in general I suspect it is not easy for outsiders to this area to understand all of the intuition behind what is going on. It is not clear to me why you need to use the KS test at all. Using the Interquartile Rule to Find Outliers. Robust estimators in high dimensions without the computational intractability. Despite the presence of the outlier of 376, the median is still 32. I have now implemented Grubbs’ test and its extension the ESD Test in Rel 3.3 of the Real Statistics Resource Pack. I simply can not understand how it is possible to get an array of winsorize function when one range of numbers for all are taken. 3. In order to formalize this aspect, we intro­ duce the notion of breakdown for any statistical estimate T( x1 , x2 , ••• , Xn). TRIMMEAN is a standard Excel function which is available in Excel 2007. To formalize what we mean by robustness to deletions, we make the following definition: Definition (Resilience). My spreadsheet has only numeric data and I trimmed all the blank spaces. But since is also resilient, the mean of differs from the mean of by at most as well. In that case I think I am not sure am I using the trimdata formula correctly. Two groups have been measured four times. My questions is when I choose to winsorize my data, how to determine the value of p? However, Alice is allowed to first adversarially corrupt the set in some way before Bob gets to see it. 2. Some statistics, such as the median, are more resistant to such outliers. Since WINSORIZE is an array function, you need to press Ctrl-Shift-Enter (i.e. Charles, I would like to winsorise at 1% and 99% of data. Charles. Then one can show that as long as , the points are -resilient in the -norm with high probability (this is because any set whose empirical covariance is bounded in spectral norm is resilient). Outline 1 Motivation 2 Robust Covariance Matrix Estimators Robust M-estimator Tyler’s M-estimator for Elliptical Distributions Unsolved Problems 3 Robust Mean-Covariance Estimators Introduction Joint Mean-Covariance Estimation for Elliptical Distributions 4 Small Sample Regime Shrinkage Robust Estimator with Known Mean Shrinkage Robust Estimator with Unknown Mean If you highlight the range H2:H169 and enter the formula {=TRIMDATA($F$2:$F$169;0,03)} and then press Ctrl-Shft-Enter the values in range H2:H169 will be identical to the values in range F2:F169 except that the lowest two values will be replaced by blanks and the highest two values will be replaced by blanks. In Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), 2016. I have a data set of 25-50 data points. What would be particularly useful would be a method where datum can be removed sequentially, providing a measure of significance at each step, to nomalize a data set. I can do it manually for a fixed set of data, but I prefer to automate the process, as I tend to use large Tables to hold all of my data and then use functions on a separate sheet to analyze the entire Table. Suppose you want to place the output in range C1:C62780. The WINSORIZE function is an array function. Max, Hello Max, To trim the data in range R1, you can highlight a range of the same shape as R1 (or any other shape for that matter) and use the array formula =RESHAPE(TRIMDATA(R1)). When you say “meaningful” do you mean “significant” or “not significant” or something else? Glad I could help you out. However, the error in the estimator could be as large as in the presence of an -fraction of outliers. Frank, Contributions to probability and statistics, 2:448–485, 1960. I have downloaded and installed you software and am encountering a problem using one of the functions TrimData. Then TRIMMEAN(R, 0.2) works as follows. 3. In this case, the action on the lowest data values is governed by p and the action on the highest data values is governed by p1. Excel has a WINMEAN function which outputs a single value which should be the mean of the values produced by the WINSORIZE function. If you send me an Excel file with your data I will try to figure out what is going wrong. I don’t know what i did wrong.. Have you already faced this issue? I want to find outliers in the data as a assignment but not gettng the function trimmean This means that if any -fraction of elements is deleted the empirical mean of the remaining points will still have small distance to . Please see the following webpage for information about how to conduct Grubb’s outlier test in Excel. Then, the Grubb’s Outlier Test {=trimdata(T13:T17,0,3)} #Value! I plan to issue a bug-fix release (Rel 2.17.1) today with these changes. We show that the idea of resilience is applicable beyond mean estimation (in particular, for low-rank recovery). Besides fixing the error, based on your input, I am changing the way the WINSORIZE and TRIMDATA functions work. how i decide the value of p? I’d already follow your step but still doesn’t work. Since I doubt this is true, please provide me with some more details so that I can better determine the problem. C 5000. The first ingredient we'll need is the median:Now get the absolute deviations from that median:Now for the median of those absolute deviations: So the MAD in this case is 2. I also installed your resources pack – but couldn’t find the formula there either but only the function of how to identify outliers. If you like you can send me an Excel spreadsheet with your data and what you have done and I can try to figure out what has gone wrong. I located your site (and the software you have, thank you) when attempting to calculate a Standard Deviation using trimmed data. Charles. Then TRIMMEAN(R, 0.2) works as follows. An error value? The mean is the solution to an L2 quadratic minimization (least squares), and median is the solution to an L1 linear minimization or (least absolute deviation). If you want both to be removed, then enter a higher cutoff value. Note on high dimensions. Indeed, by pigeonhole we must have . In other words, the mean of differs from the mean of by at most . You should now focus on whether the “outliers” represent normal random outcomes (e.g. C 1234 The Z-score seems to indicate that the value is just across the boundary for being outlier. The results of this will then be used to calculate the average. In summary, it suffices to find any large -resilient set and output its mean. The appearance of the 60 completely distorts the mean in the second sample. Unfortunately, the Ctrl-Shift-Enter also doesn’t work. median, IQR) as a statistic that is not heavily affected by skewness and extreme outliers, and determine when such statistics are more appropriate [T60] J. W. Tukey. Even when a normal distribution model is appropriate to the data being analyzed, outliers are expected for large sample sizes and should not automatically be discarded if that is the case. C 1100 [DKKLMS16] I. Diakonikolas, G. Kamath, D. Kane, J. Li, A. Moitra, and A. Stewart. If you need to remove them to make the assumptions for some test to work, then you should report this fact when you state your results. This contrasts with the sample median, which is little affected by moving any 2. What I mean to ask is that is this trimming certain amount of percentage from population or from value? This enables you to complete your analysis, but there is no set of values imputed for the missing data elements. Charles. Now let be any -resilient subset of of size . Robust statistics for outlier detection Peter J. Rousseeuw and Mia Hubert ... that the breakdown value4,5 of the sample mean is 1/n,soitis0%forlargen.Ingeneral,thebreakdown ... mean is not robust. You can use the WINSORIZE function, although it is likely that your data set is so small that eliminating 1% of the data on each end doesn’t eliminate any data. We answer this question in a recent ITCS paper “Resilience: A Criterion for Learning in the Presence of Arbitrary Outliers” by myself, Moses Charikar, and Greg Valiant. See Contact Us for email address. Even without tables I still cannot reproduce your functionality. Breakdown properties of location estimates based on halfspace depth and projected outlyingness. When I used =WINSORIZE(A4:A23,.3) I always get just 3, 3, 3,… instead of 3, 4, 6, 9,…, Mohammad,