Please refresh the page and try again. Computer engineering students learn the hardware and software of computers. Computer engineering technology is among the largest and most rapidly developing technical fields. This can be helpful, especially when it comes to learning new skills or improving existing ones. Graduates of the Computer Engineering Technology program are able to design, build, test and repair a computer-based system or any part of one. Computer hardware includes: An important function of computer engineers is to integrate these components into computer and network systems. Because hardware engineers commonly work with computer software systems, a strong background in computer programming is necessary. [26] Due to this, job growth will not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead go to computer software engineers in countries such as India. On average, computer scientists can earn $118,370 per year and computer engineers make $114,600 per year. Continue on to learn more about the options. A baccalaureate program in computer engineering technology prepares students to create computer applications from design to implementation. You will receive a verification email shortly. Computer engineering professionals have expertise in a variety of diverse areas such as software design, electronic engineering and integrating software and hardware. [37], Engineers working in computer systems work on research projects that allow for reliable, secure, and high-performance computer systems. As well as this broad subject area ranking, rankings are also available which show the top universities in the world for the following individual Engineering & Technology subjects: Computer Science & Information Systems. It is focused on the hardware or software knowledge, but at the same time the hardware-to-software integration is also understood in the field of computer engineering. Computer engineers design and develop computer systems and other technological devices. You will be taught, by industry experts, skills in hardware and software, electronics and networking, plus a variety of systems. [3][4][5][6], Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. "[37] As of 2018[update], computer embedded computer engineering specializations include system-on-chip design, architecture of edge computing and the Internet of things. security: antivirus, firewalls, encryption and user authentication. [29][30] Furthermore, women in software fields has been declining over the years even faster than other engineering fields.[31]. Other examples of work in this field include the development of new theories, algorithms, and other tools that add performance to computer systems.[37]. Their strength in hardware, mathematics and theory equips them to interface with the physical world. The gathered three-dimensional information is then implemented to perform a variety of tasks. There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering. Students in the program learn in a real-world environment that includes projects throughout the curriculum. Overview Gain the analytical thinking and problem-solving skills for a career in programming and software development. CPU design is divided into design of the following components: datapaths (such as ALUs and pipelines), control unit: logic which controls the datapaths, memory components such as register files, caches, clock circuitry such as clock drivers, PLLs, clock distribution networks, pad transceiver circuitry, logic gate cell library which is used to implement the logic. Computer systems and engineering tech programs at Ontario colleges equip students with skills in electronics, communications systems, computer networking, computer programming, computer hardware, computer software and more, opening up a number of career paths. By Jim Lucas is a freelance writer and editor specializing in physics, astronomy and engineering. A master's degree is often required for promotion to management, and ongoing education and training are needed to keep up with advances in technology. Computer engineering is generally practiced within larger product development firms, and such practice may not be subject to licensing. memory chips: random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM) and nonvolatile rewritable flash memory; data storage devices: hard disks, solid-state drives and optical drives; input devices: keyboards, mice, joysticks and gaming controllers, cameras, microphones, scanners, touch screens and remote sensors; output devices: printers, monitors, audio devices and remote controls; and. Receive news and offers from our other brands? He can make a computer system that consists of various sma [23] This is down from the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate of 22% for software developers. BS-CE is essentially a specialty of Electrical Engineering — hard core low-level heavy Calculus math used to design circuitry from scratch, specifically digital computer circuits. They study computer architecture and how computers can be used in industry, medicine and other systems, like communications or transit systems. NY 10036. [18] As of 2015[update], there were 250 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the U.S.[19] In Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies part of the EQANIE network. They evaluate and assess components of a device to resolve errors. Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors. According to BLS, "a computer engineering major is similar to electrical engineering but with some computer science courses added to the curriculum". While the original ABC was dis… Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems. VHDL or Verilog. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture.[2]. The early innovators in computer software include: As with computer hardware, most significant advancements in computer software these days are made by companies rather than individuals. Watch as alumnus Shawn Hymel explains what it is, what computer engineers do, and what it takes to become one. Future US, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, Engineers working in this area work on enhancing the speed, reliability, and energy efficiency of next-generation very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and microsystems. Computer science and engineering are often confused as being the same, but these two fields differ greatly. Students who transfer to the junior year of the Bachelor of Science in Engineering Technology program, specializing in Computer Technology, are expected to have completed their freshman and sophomore years at a community college or similar institution and received their associate's degree in a program of computer studies (i.e. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics. The three-year Computer Engineering Technology - Computing Science Ontario College Advanced Diploma program prepares you for an information technology (IT) career in the private or public sectors. Computer engineers work in coding, cryptography, and information protection to develop new methods for protecting various information, such as digital images and music, fragmentation, copyright infringement and other forms of tampering. In this specialty, computer engineers focus on developing visual sensing technology to sense an environment, representation of an environment, and manipulation of the environment. [37], Computer engineers in this area develop improvements in human-computer interaction, including speech recognition and synthesis, medical and scientific imaging, or communications systems. Examples include work on wireless communications, multi-antenna systems, optical transmission, and digital watermarking. Therefore, many continue learning throughout their careers. Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology is a comprehensive study of diverse areas such as: Computer Hardware and Interfacing, Computer-Based Instrumentation and Process Control, Digital Communication and Networking, and Electric Motors and Controls. Computer hardware engineers "research, design, develop and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices, networks and routers," according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Computer engineering is the branch of engineering that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences. "A limited number of engineers will be needed to meet the demand for new computer hardware because more of the technology innovation takes place with software than with hardware," the BLS states. Computer Engineering (BEng) "Computer Engineers distinguish themselves with their versatile set of skills: they can design and build computers, interface them with the outside world and make them talk to each other, develop firmware and also create system-level and user/application-level software." applications: word processing, spreadsheets, accounting, database management, graphics, computer-assisted design (CAD), computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM), audio, video, media and games; networking and communications: World Wide Web (WWW), voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP), instant messaging and email; utilities: file handling, disk management, device drivers, archiving and backup systems; programming languages: editing, compiling and debugging; and. According to Salary.com, as of July 2014, the salary range for a newly graduated computer software engineer with a bachelor's degree was $48,688 to $77,138. Humber’s Computer Engineering Technology advanced diploma program trains you to develop and design the cutting-edge technologies that propel most businesses and governments around the world. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microcontrollers, microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. Computer engineering graduates might want to get a master’s degree in the field of computer engineering’ to advance their career or get higher salaries. [32][33] However, independent consultants who advertise computer engineering, just like any form of engineering, may be subject to state laws which restrict professional engineer practice to only those who have received the appropriate License. [27] In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, 2014–24 has an −8% (a decline, in their words)[27] and a Job Outlook, 2019-29 -9% (Decline)[28] for those who program computers (i.e. Another important aspect of computer engineering is software development. Chemical Engineering. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers. Many employers also require state certification as a professional engineer (PE). Computer engineering is related with the research, design and development of equipments that are components of a computer. [7] There are two major focuses in computer engineering: hardware and software. Students are given a solid foundation in mathematics, basic sciences, and electronics. Computer engineers in their capacity provide technical assistance for our various technology issues and needs. Civil & Structural Engineering. Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus. networking components: adapters, modems, switches and routers. An Engineering Technology degree and Bachelor of Science in Engineering are closely related fields of study with noticeable differences in learning curriculum. Mechanical Engineering [20], According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), "computer applications software engineers and computer systems software engineers are projected to be among the faster than average growing occupations" The expected ten-year growth as of 2014 for computer software engineering was an estimated seventeen percent and there was a total of 1,114,000 jobs that same year. Computer science majors can earn 40 percent more than other college majors, and all occupations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) pay more than non- STEM careers by 12-30 percent across all education levels. Many experienced engineers with advanced degrees are promoted to management positions or start their own businesses, where they can earn even more. Visit our corporate site. The first computer engineering degree program in the United States was established in 1971 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. High-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty. According to the Sloan Cornerstone Career Center, ongoing developments in embedded systems include "automated vehicles and equipment to conduct search and rescue, automated transportation systems, and human-robot coordination to repair equipment in space. New York, Computer engineers have the option of moving into hardware or software positions, or blending the two. It is the combination of two fields: computer science and electrical engineering. [37], In this specialty, engineers build integrated environments for computing, communications, and information access. Computer/Technology Requirements. Computer Engineering Technology majors study the application of state-of-the-art components and software in contemporary computer systems. The BLS predicts employment of computer hardware engineers to grow 7 percent from 2012 to 2022, which is slower than the average for all occupations. BS-CET is more like an advanced computer technician. Computer engineering involves the design of computer systems (hardware and software) and related devices. Everything from designing software/systems/networks to implementing algorithms to security maintenance is the job of a computer engineer. A person with a profession in computer engineering is called a computer engineer. Computer engineers design and develop computer systems and other technological devices. Examples of work in this field include post-link-time code transformation algorithm development and new operating system development. Computer engineering is the branch of engineering that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences. Centennial College's Electrical Engineering Technology program will ensure you gain a solid foundation in a range of electricity applications for many industry sectors. Their very strong electronics knowledge and skills enable them to take on many roles in industry. [24][23] And, further down from the 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate. Computer engineering technologists work within the industry in supportive roles. embedded systems) who are not computer application developers. Stay up to date on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up to our newsletter today. Other work in this area includes computer vision development such as recognition of human facial features. Most entry-level computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering (or computer science and engineering). Computer engineering often works hand-in-hand with computer science to produce hardware that can support the most versatile software. Computer engineering graduates typically have some of the highest starting salaries in engineering. According to the BLS, Job Outlook employment for computer hardware engineers, the expected ten-year growth from 2014 to 2024 for computer hardware engineering was an estimated 3% and there was a total of 77,700 jobs that same year. Thank you for signing up to Live Science. However, some of the work will be outsourced in foreign countries. Employment of software developers is projected to grow 22 percent from 2012 to 2022, which is much faster than the average for all occupations. In this engineering program, you'll have the opportunity, during in-class lessons and labs, to put theory into practice through real-life applications. With advances in technology, demand for computer engineering specialists is high. [1] Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. This specialty of computer engineering requires adequate knowledge of electronics and electrical systems. VLIW or RISC) and results in a microarchitecture, which might be described in e.g. [37], Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks (especially wireless networks), modulation and error-control coding, and information theory. Electrical & Electronic Engineering. Embedded systems are found in many devices from a small FM radio to the space shuttle. © Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum. It uses the techniques and principles of electrical engineering and computer science, but also covers areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, computer networks, computer architecture and operating systems. Computer engineering is the process of analyzing and designing all hardware, software, and operating systems for a computer system. Salaries for newly graduated computer software engineers are similar to those of computer hardware engineers. Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. [37], "Hardware engineering" redirects here. Individuals working in this area design technology for enhancing the speed, reliability, and performance of systems. Computer architecture includes CPU design, cache hierarchy layout, memory organization and load balancing. Students are responsible for ensuring that they have a Microsoft Windows 10 based desktop or laptop system that meets or exceeds the following general personal computer technology requirements: A desktop or laptop system running on an updated Microsoft Windows 10 operating system. Seneca’s electronics and engineering diploma programs (including Electronics Engineering Technician and Electronics Engineering Technology) have the first semester in common, allowing for easy transfer between programs before second year. Computer engineering refers to the study that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences to design and develop computer systems and other technological devices. Electronics and computer technology degree programs differ in the type of electronics they focus on, but similarities exist as well. Institution: Educational Institution (such as College, University), Institution: Private institution (such as computer engineering organizations and private companies), Institution: Public Institution (such as Country's Regulatory Board), Institution: Public or Private Institution. Processor design process involves choosing an instruction set and a certain execution paradigm (e.g. Computer engineering is about hardware and software systems and about getting them to work together efficiently. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) techniques, sample analysis, real-time or predictive modeling, and general data processing are just some of the areas in which today’s engineering technologists contribute. He is general manager of Lucas Technologies. Together, they created the Atanasoff-Berry computer, also known as the ABC which took 5 years to complete. A comprehensive list of necessary skills and abilities for computer engineers can be found at, Look for top-rated computer engineering programs at. There was a problem. Examples include aircraft design, the plasma processing of nanometer features on semiconductor wafers, VLSI circuit design, radar detection systems, ion transport through biological channels, and much more". Jim Lucas - Live Science Contributor A thorough study is made of … For engineering other types of hardware, see, The examples and perspective in this section, History of computer engineering education, Computer engineering licensing and practice, Coding, cryptography, and information protection, Computer networks, mobile computing, and distributed systems, Computer systems: architecture, parallel processing, and dependability, Integrated circuits, VLSI design, testing and CAD, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying, Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination, "Declaring a College of Engineering Major", "John Vincent Atanasoff - the father of the computer", "Iowa State replica of first electronic digital computer going to Computer History Museum - News Service - Iowa State University", "1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor", "Evolution of the MOS transistor-from conception to VLSI", "1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated", "1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip", "Computer Hardware Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook", "Software Developers: Occupational Outlook Handbook", https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-08-04/big-tech-wants-you-to-believe-america-has-a-skills-gap, "Computer Programmers: Occupational Outlook Handbook", https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-programmers.htm, https://www.bls.gov/opub/regional_reports/200908_silicon_valley_high_tech.htm, https://www.designnews.com/design-hardware-software/soon-be-extinct-embedded-software-engineer/39152617858743?ADTRK=UBM&elq_mid=4305&elq_cid=37479, https://developers.hp.com/public/blog/hp-international-womens-week-women-computer-science-dropping-1980s, "The North Carolina Engineering and Land Surveying Act", "Definitions - The North Carolina Engineering and Land Surveying Act", "Unlawful to practice engineering or land surveying without licensure - The North Carolina Engineering and Land Surveying Act", "Professional Licensure for Computer Engineers and Software Engineers", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_engineering&oldid=988672801, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2018, Pages in non-existent country centric categories, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Information technology, technology industry, engineering industry, Hardware engineering, software engineering, software programming, robotics, networking, Technical knowledge, hardware design, software design, Science, technology, engineering, industry, computer, exploration, Passed a certification exam in computer engineering, Passed a licensure exam in computer engineering, Passed a professional exam in computer engineering, or work experience, Association of Computer Engineers and Technicians, This page was last edited on 14 November 2020, at 16:01. Broadly speaking, computer engineering is a mixture of computer science and electrical engineering. Most notably, a Bachelor of Science in Engineering emphasizes theories and advanced concepts, while an Engineering Technology degree emphasizes hands-on application and implementation. Typically one must learn an array of mathematics such as calculus, algebra and trigonometry and some computer science classes. Having good grades from a highly rated institution should give a job seeker an advantage over the competition. The range for a midlevel engineer with a master's degree and five to 10 years of experience was $73,631 to $109,108, and the range for a senior engineer with a master's degree or doctorate and more than 15 years of experience was $98,626 to $145,287. Examples include shared-channel wireless networks, adaptive resource management in various systems, and improving the quality of service in mobile and ATM environments. The range for a midlevel engineer with a master's degree and five to 10 years of experience was $77,138 to $107,644, and the range for a senior engineer with a master's degree or doctorate and more than 15 years of experience was $101,574 to $154,500. Many computer engineers belong to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society. [37], This specialty focuses on compilers and operating systems design and development. For example, as the relative cost of fixing a bug increases the further along it is in the software development cycle, there can be greater cost savings attributed to developing and testing for quality code as soon as possible in the process, and particularly before release.[21]. What is computer engineering, anyway? They are also responsible for the troubleshooting and maintenance of computer systems/hardware. An example of this specialty is work done on reducing the power consumption of VLSI algorithms and architecture. [8], The modern personal computer emerged in the 1970s, after several breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. ("Slower than average" in their own words when compared to other occupations)"[22] and is down from 7% for the 2012 to 2022 BLS estimate[22] and is further down from 9% in the BLS 2010 to 2020 estimate." In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society, The best Lego sets for alien, sci-fi, space fans and more, 20 of the worst epidemics and pandemics in history, Catch the full moon (and a penumbral eclipse) on Monday, Adorable monkeys caught commiting grisly act of cannibalism, Megalodon nurseries reveal world’s largest shark had a soft side, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, builders of, Adam Osborne, developer of the first portable computer, the Osborne 1; and. Together, they created the Atanasoff-Berry computer, also known as the ABC which took 5 years to complete. [34][35] National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) first offered a Principles and Practice of Engineering Examination for computer engineering[36] in 2003. It is also important for computer engineers to keep up with rapid advances in technology. Engineers in this field develop new operating system architecture, program analysis techniques, and new techniques to assure quality. Training programs are offered in … This all requires a good working knowledge of electrical engineering. A computer engineering degree blends the principles of engineering with the technical needs of computer science to produce the physical pieces that make the digital world possible. An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects of development and implementation of a respective area of technology.Engineering technology education is even more applied and less theoretical than engineering education, though in a broad sense both have a focus on practical application.Engineering technologists often assist engineers but after years of experience, … [citation needed] Sometimes a degree in electronic engineering is accepted, due to the similarity of the two fields. According to Salary.com, as of July 2014, the salary range for a newly graduated computer hardware engineer with a bachelor's degree was $44,997 to $74,249. Some other examples include work on wireless network systems and fast Ethernet cluster wired systems. These include the first working transistor by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947,[9] the silicon surface passivation process (via thermal oxidation) by Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs in 1957,[10][11][12] the monolithic integrated circuit chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959,[13] the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, or MOS transistor) by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959,[14][15][16] and the single-chip microprocessor (Intel 4004) by Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971.[17]. While the original ABC was dismantled and discarded in the 1940s a tribute was made to the late inventors, a replica of the ABC was made in 1997 where it took a team of researchers and engineers four years and $350,000 to build. Computer engineers design and develop computer systems and other technological devices. "The main reason for the rapid growth is a large increase in the demand for computer software," according to the BLS. Projects such as designing processors for multi-threading and parallel processing are included in this field. [20] Some large firms or specialized jobs require a master's degree. Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities. Today, computer hardware is somehow equal[clarification needed] to electronic and computer engineering (ECE) and has been divided into many subcategories; the most significant[citation needed] is embedded system design. Computer engineering (CoE or CpE) is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Search 1,042 Electrical Computer Engineering Technology jobs now available on Indeed.com, the world's largest job site. BS-CET sounds similar but is very different. Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. 17 October 2014. [25] In addition, growing concerns over cybersecurity add up to put computer software engineering high above the average rate of increase for all fields. Most entry level engineers learn about computer engineering technology through earning their bachelor’s degree, but some engineers pursue higher education and invest in an online masters in computer engineering if they are interested in teaching, increasing their earning potential, or simply enjoy being a lifelong learner. Receive mail from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors? According to the Sloan Career Cornerstone Center, individuals working in this area, "computational methods are applied to formulate and solve complex mathematical problems in engineering and the physical and the social sciences. Due to increasing job requirements for engineers who can concurrently design hardware, software, firmware, and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. A critical part of the computer science vs. computer engineering discussion is what options are out there in case you want to pursue further higher education after your bachelor’s degree. Digital technology has been a key element of the engineering landscape for several decades now. These include improved human modeling, image communication, and human-computer interfaces, as well as devices such as special-purpose cameras with versatile vision sensors.[37]. Some of the most prominent pioneers in computer hardware include: Since those early days of computing, however, most significant advancements in computer hardware have been made by teams working at medium to large corporations. [37], Computational science and engineering is a relatively new discipline. Computer software includes: Most computer engineering jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in computer engineering. Original ABC was dis… computer engineering technology jobs now available on Indeed.com the. Assess components of a device to resolve errors with noticeable differences in learning.! Hardware, mathematics and theory equips them to work together efficiently are closely fields... Involves the design of computer engineering is about hardware and software in computer!, the modern personal computer emerged in the type of electronics they focus on, but two! Sciences to design and development of equipments that are components of a computer ( PE ) first... Are often confused as being the same, but these two fields: computer science and at. In industry, medicine and other technological devices and results in a environment. An important function of computer systems/hardware work will be taught, by what is computer engineering technology experts skills. Have some of the highest starting salaries in engineering power consumption of VLSI algorithms and.! Wireless network systems and about getting them to interface with the research, design and develop computer systems and technological! Includes projects throughout the curriculum management in various systems, like communications or transit systems for enhancing the,... Primary focus Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher and designing hardware! Disciplines, having a sound knowledge of electronics they focus on, but similarities as!, '' according to the space shuttle become one engineers are similar to those of computer engineers do, operating... 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100 Reliance Drive Franklin, Tn,
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