The largest dogs in the world, mastiffs can tip the scales at over 200 pounds—and these canines have bites to match, wielding a force of 500 pounds per square inch. In the following article, animals with the highest bite force, or most powerful bite force, have been listed... Chomp, chomp, chomp, it’s a jungle out there! The average human can bite down with a 120 pound force. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. The bite force of an animal not only helps in eating, but also in hunting and defense. 5 years ago . True, Precambrian organisms existed hundreds of million years ago, but it will be interesting to know about them right? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Is evaporated milk the same thing as condensed milk? Well, we're looking for good writers who want to spread the word. If the alligator were a WWE wrestler, then it would have been famous for its ultimate move – the ‘death roll’. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Their diet mainly comprises leaves, stems, shoots, insects, and fruits, depending on the species. He lives and hunts alone except during mating season. 10. With a strong, stout body, weighing up to 211 lbs, and such a strong bite, this hunter can also crack open the shells of armored prey, such as turtles. As is the norm everywhere, the key to survival in the wild too is to always be ahead of the competition. And all this mega-chomping feat is accomplished by this hunter with its powerful bite force of 1,100 psi. Alligators possess the second strongest bites in the world with a force of 2,125 PSI. Any research or read on animals with a powerful bite force is incomplete without the mention of the devil who roams in the woods of Tasmania – the Tasmanian Devil. That is more than enough to break one of your bones in one try. Source(s): whats bite force domestic cat: https://biturl.im/DrWdp. Inter state form of sales tax income tax? Carnivores have pointed molars (they are like scissors) with very narrow tips. Smilodon fatalis (extinct): canine bite force 976; bite force quotient 78. Like this post? Cheetah have a strong bite, not as strong as the big cats (Lions, tigers, jaguars and leopards) But strong enough. Bite Force = 650 PSI Let us begin with his highness – the lion, also known as the ‘King of the Jungle’, although he has never traveled to a jungle, or probably doesn’t even know what a jungle is. Strongest Land Animals (According to Bite Force PSI) Leopard with a PSI of 300-310: Leopard is one of the 5 big cats in the genus Panthera. I never said tigers had a far superior bite force You said what Varty. With a bite force of 1400-2000 psi (compared to a tigers 600-850m although they're literally twice its size), it could EASILY crush the tigers skull. After chimps and bonobos, gorillas are our closest relatives. However, in a 2012 study, researchers measured the bite force … It is also known to kill large prey such as Gnu. they are found in the parts of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. 2. This Site Might Help You. They kill by primarily biting the head and the bite is so powerful that it can even pierce the shell of a turtle. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. So, a lion – a heavyweight predator, who stands 6.5 feet tall, packed with 550 lbs of pure muscle, oozing with strength and ferociousness, and wearing a huge, fuzzy mane (which only suggests a badly needed barber) – is known to deliver a bite force of 650 psi. It is, however, less likely for a gorilla to use such an amount of bite force in feeding. But, if you are ever chased by a hyena, then you may have to run for the rest of your life! Matthew. Lions and tigers are among the most ferocious animals but there are important differences between them. Human Bite Force Compares to Chomp of Chimps. Research by Adam Hartstone-Rose and colleagues at the University of South Carolina, who compared the bite forces of nine different cat species, reveals that a jaguar’s bite force is only three-quarters as strong as a tiger’s bite force. Everything, right from the animal’s feeding characteristics, to the evolution of its community, is linked to the bite force that he/she possesses. At 1050 pounds per square inch (psi), the bite force of a tiger is almost twice as stronger as a lion. Leopards and cougars have around the same bite force as the cheetah, which is very impressive judging by the small jaw of the cheetah. Note that the values mentioned in this article may exhibit small variations from species to species, and from source to source. - Duration: 5:09. Believe it or not, jaguars can deliver a bite force of a whopping 1,350 psi – a bite that is twice as powerful as that of the lion. Ini Alasan Macan Tutul Salju GIGIT EKOR SENDIRI | Why Snow Leopard Bite Their Tails? “Average” BFQ was set at 100. Shares. Bite Force – 235 PSI Pit bulls are widely regarded as one of the most dangerous dog breeds. Jag wins. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. On an average, adult males can weigh up to 4,000 lbs, and can be 17 feet long. A monstrous 2,125 psi! If you can outrun a lion or a tiger, then you may have some hope, because at some point, the animal would give up the chase. RE: Whats the bite force of a domestic cat? And if all these were not enough to make this monster a nemesis of aquatic life, it can also detect electromagnetic fields generated by animals. Every large carnivore seems to be giving the lion a run for its money. Despite a range of over 2 million km2, scientist estimate that there may only be between 3,920 and 6,390 snow leopards left in the wild. PSI: unknown. The hippopotamus delivers a bite with a whopping bite force of 1, 821 psi. This breed of dog originally hailed from northern China. In this video I present top 10 strongest animal bite forces ! Lion only 50 pounds with bite force 2 PSI. Whats the bite force of a domestic cat? With such a bite force, Tigers do not need any assistance in bringing down their prey. And when the carnivore finally strikes, it sinks its canines into the prey with a bite force of 1,050 psi – way more than that of the lion. Any guesses how much bite force is exerted during this ghastly maneuver? The shark bite researchers estimated the megashark's bite to be an "extraordinary" 108,514-182,201N . Hyenas can chase their prey for more than 5 km, maintaining a speed of 60 km/hr. The bite force of an animal not only helps in eating, but also in hunting and defense. Snow leopards are perfectly adapted to the cold, barren landscape of their high-altitude home, but human threats have created an uncertain future for the cats. The bite force of a bear is measured at 975 psi; somewhere between that of the lion and the tiger, as you will see as you read further. I also believe the Snow Leopard has a higher bite-force. With the help of an experiment, scientists have estimated that a 21-foot long great white shark may be capable of producing a bite force of a whopping 4,000 psi; real data from a live great white shark, mind you, may cost a dozen limbs and a few torsos, etc., so experts thought it best to stick with an estimated value. She is playing. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. If you thought that the tiger had the strongest bite force in the cat family, then you’d be wrong. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. By Charles Q. Choi 22 June 2010. They will stay with their mother for up to two years b… Unlike lions, the tiger is a solitary animal. It is said that with a bite force as large as this, bears can easily crack a bowling bowl, not that they would willingly do that and risk chipping their teeth. SPOTTED HYENA (1100 psi) 7. It does not take into account sharpness of teeth or other differences in tooth form; an animal with sharp teeth will project its bite force over a small surface area, while an animal with flatter teeth will spread the force out over a larger area. Hippos may look docile, slow, and calm and composed when they are enjoying a dip in the water with fellow hippos. Aka/T.. Well duh.. & along with size in a very similar body....a major advantage of experience in regularly fighting his peers.. & a 2/3rds size jaguar – would seem like a punk kid to a boss lion.. Leopards are vulnerable according to the record of IUCN red list as because their population is decreasing day by day. In the jungle, or the animal kingdom, it is the chomping power, or the bite force of an animal – to put it more formally – that matters. Does pumpkin pie need to be refrigerated? Despite its negative image, pit bull owners testify to the dogs’ mild temperament. Standing 11 feet tall, and weighing as much as 670 lbs, this fearsome hunter silently brushes through the forest and camouflages its black-striped, reddish-orange fur with the tall grasses, so that its prey does not sense its impending doom. First off, he would be known as the ‘Joke of the Jungle’, and things would have not been so eventful. The agility along with strong bite force let tigers take down any large prey alone. That concludes our special chomping edition on some of the most powerful chompers of the wild. A leopard bite is up to 550 pounds. If nature was Pablo Picasso, then the tiger would have been her masterpiece! Eventually, when the prey goes down with exhaustion, they begin feasting on the flesh, while the shocked and tired prey is still alive. LION (600 psi) 9. This move is called the ‘death roll’. Tigers bite with a force that is almost twice as that of the lion. Where can i find the fuse relay layout for a 1990 vw vanagon or any vw vanagon for the matter? One of the most ferocious and finest predators in the wild, the tiger is the largest in the cat family. Scientists say the bone-crushing ability of a hyena is superior than that of a brown bear. Chow Chow Bite Force – 220 PSI. How does a Leopard look like? Forum Posts. 0 0. Learn about one of the world's most elusive cats in our guide to the snow leopard, including where they live, diet and conservation. What is the bite force of a snow leopard? And the gold medal in the chomping competition goes to … Mr. Salty Croc! The great white shark – a 5,000-lb killing machine, armed with about 300 serrated, triangular teeth, and an acute sense of smell to detect its food, is the largest predatory fish on earth. Anyway, he is the king, he gets what he wants! With a body that can weigh up to 4,400 lbs, the saltwater crocodile is a 23-feet long monster, capable of destroying everything in its path, except for poachers with nets and guns – cowards! They are both among the five big cats (the other three being the jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard) and are apex predators i.e., they have no predators of their own and reside at the top of their food chain. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. This gentle giant is capable of biting down with a good amount of force – almost 1,300 psi. The hippo’s closest cousins are cows and whales. They bite harder than a human, but not as much harder as one could think. These cookies do not store any personal information. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. This article provides important information on these snakes, like identifying it with pictures and the…. Jag 800 pounds at bite force 19,000000000000000 PSI. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In short, the survival of the fittest greatly depends on how well a species can put its chomping power to good use. However, this is not the case. In layman language, the creature generates the highest bite force for its size – it weighs no more than 26 lbs. Through a series of tests and studies, scientists have concluded that the Tasmanian Devil is the mammal with the strongest bite force quotient on earth. However, when in the mood, their aggressiveness knows no limits. Given their diet, you may think that the bite force of a gorilla should be much lesser than other mammals. Bite force quotient (BFQ) is the regression of the quotient of an animal's bite force in newtons divided by its body mass in kilograms. It’s an impressive number – and an enormous exaggeration. The Jaguar has a bite force of 700 psi and can pierce the skulls and brains of any animal it preys on. Bears are huge mammals, with some species weighing up to 1,700 lbs and reaching a length of up to 10 feet. In fact, in Africa, more human fatalities are linked to these mammals than any other animals. Jag big. The jaguar has the strongest bite of any big cat relative to its size. What are the disadvantages of primary group? RaimundoPedrosa. modernww2fare. 5 years ago. Its bite force? First things first, alligators are apex predators; in other words, they are on top of the food chain, and eat other animals, no one eats them — well, except humans, who eat anything that moves. 2 Hippopotamus. Many cases have been documented where hippos have attacked humans without any apparent provocation, and thus they are labeled as one of the most dangerous large animals in Africa. Certain bite tests in laboratory settings conducted by experts have confirmed the saltwater crocodile as the ultimate chomper of the wild; the reptile can shut its jaw with an unbelievable force of 3,700 pounds per square inch! What is the most vascular part of the body? Reply ↓ James W. June 13, 2017. 5 years ago. Our range of bite-force estimates for 6.7 m specimens of Crocodylus porosus was based upon the interspecific regression of mean body mass versus mean bite force (Y (force, N) = 29.632x (body mass, kg) +569.35; R 2 = 0.92; see Figure 3A) with an estimated mass of 1,308 kg from the intraspecific regressions of wild Crocodylus porosus from Webb and Messel . How can we forget this animal who has managed to scare the s**t out of every single creature in water – including fishermen, surfers, and naval soldiers. This small, stout, strong carnivore marsupial is capable of chomping down its prey with a bite force quotient (BFQ) of 181. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. And even more. Some of them still exist today. They both have powerful bite.The tiger has, because leopard uses throat bite,slow suffacating prey.the leopard bite force is 500psi and tiger can be 1200psi How do snow leopard catch their prey? Let us begin with his highness – the lion, also known as the ‘King of the Jungle’, although he has never traveled to a jungle, or probably doesn’t even know what a jungle is. This means when they bite, 195 pounds of pressure is applied to each square inch. Nope. Snow Leopard … Follow 8024. Gorillas – 6 feet tall giants, weighing up to 400 lbs, strong, peaceful, intelligent, and shy animals. (Interestingly, the dog you'd expect to see on this list, the pit bull, can only muster a bite force of 250 PSI, about the same as a full-grown human.) Chomp! Want to know more about…, The water moccasin snake is one of the most venomous snakes in the North America. 22. 0 2. Christin. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? These reptiles are known to grow to 14 feet in length and weigh more than 990 lbs. A field test taken about two years ago showed grey wolves, the largest extant canid, have a 300 pound bite force. An adult alligator is believed to possess 74 – 80 teeth. We hope you enjoy this website. Mdh Channel Recommended for you Would you like to write for us? The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), also known as the ounce, is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia.It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the global population is estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and is expected to decline about 10% by 2040. TIGER (1050 psi) 8. The Greenland Dog (also known as Greenland Husky) is a large breed of a husky-type dog kept as a sled dog and for hunting polar bear and seal. They begin by chomping on the softer sections of the body, then the tougher ones and finally the bones, leaving almost nothing. The bite force of all the animals mentioned above were calculated in PSI. The Spotted Hyena, for example, has a bite force of 1100 psi, compared to the 600 psi of the lion you’ll notice how powerful the hyena is. Chomp, chomp, chomp, it's a jungle out there! Here are some of nature’s greatest chompers with a powerful bite force. These mammals are known to be ill-tempered by nature, especially males, who are extremely territorial as well. With a large jaw structure, jaw muscles as stiff as bone, and sharp teeth, a crocodile’s head is nature’s ultimate machine, built for clamping down anything that gets inside its mouth. If the ‘King of the Jungle’ – the lion – had no teeth, life in the Savannah would be totally different. Dog bite force myths need to be debunked. It has a bite force of 235 pounds which is only 71% of that of the Rottweilers. Anyway, he is the king, he gets what he wants! Snow leopards do dwell in Asia, but only high in the mountains. Dogs are a notch below a Wolf so a Snow Leopard would mess a Dog up pretty badly. All Rights Reserved. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Tigers. The list of animals found in taiga may not be as impressive as the list for other biomes, but this biome too, has a few lessons for everybody. With such massive bodies, we are sure that they would be clear winners for something like the ‘killing-your-prey-by-sitting-on-top-of-it’ competition, if not the chomping competition. Leopard … Tiger: Females will give birth to 2-4 cubs after a gestation of 104 days. Bite force quotient, however, is derived by dividing the bite force of the animal by its body mass. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Although its exact bite force hasn’t been measured, the piranha is able to exert a force of up to 30 times its own weight, which is unheard of in the animal kingdom. Tiger is one of the most menacing predators in the cat family. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The same figures in PSI would be much lower, as a 450 PSI bite force would be the biggest bite ever recorded, though most sites use the term frequently. An average adult Malinois has a bite force of 195 psi. The list follows a decreasing order of the bite force value, measured in PSI (pound per square inch). Each lower canine can reach up to a length of 20 inches, while the lower incisors can reach a length of up to 16 inches. The values are largely based on a mix of evidence, estimates, and mathematical calculations. Hippos are herbivores, and live on grass and water plants. If you think there are any other animals with great chomping power, then feel free to leave your input in the comment box below. Whenever we imagine a hippopotamus, the first thing that flashes in our mind is its enormous head and those long, thick, giant, canine ivory teeth. It bites its prey, and starts spinning or moving in the water so violently, that chunks of meat just come tearing out of the body. Amazing stamina has made hyenas one of the most successful predators in the wild. So, what are those large ivory teeth good for? This awesome bite force is reserved for conflicts that the mammal may find itself in, for example with leopards, who are one of the predators of gorillas. They are good for territorial fights and conflicts with other animals, and can be used to deliver a bite force of 1,825 psi. In the following article, animals with the highest bite force, or most powerful bite force, have been listed…. This distinction goes to the jaguar. The jaguar, on the other hand, goes directly for the skull, crushing it and piercing the brains with its long and thick canines. Bite force quotient (BFQ) is the regression of the quotient of an animal’s bite force in newtons divided by its body mass in kilograms. This is probably the reason why the tiger lives a solitary life for most part; with strength like that, who needs a ‘pride’. They are the largest of all big cats and can force a bite up to 1,050 psi. Some people who are afraid of dogs will claim that certain dog breeds can exert over 2,000 pounds of pressure with their jaws. 1302 Liked! Ways to Identify a Water Moccasin Snake And Tips to Treat its Bite. We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! I asked why did the lion john varty used was unable to bite through leopard tortoise while the tiger did? 5 years ago. And what does it do with so many teeth? While the number sounds big, that’s the lowest among the cat family; an embarrassment rather. LEOPARD: canine bite force 467; bite force quotient 94. PSI denotes a pressure that results when an area of 1 square inch is subjected to a pressure of 1 pound force. Snow leopards are around 75-150cm from head to the base of the tail, with the tail adding on another 80-105cm, which makes them smaller than the other big cats. You see, big cats such as the lion and the tiger kill their prey by biting down their throat and strangulating them to death. Leopards has a powerful bite. Water with fellow hippos ’, and calm and composed when they are like scissors ) with very narrow.... In Asia, but not as much harder as one could think questions or want to about. Them right put its chomping power to good use assume you 're ok with this, but you come. Is superior than that of the most menacing predators in the water snake. Mating season shark bite researchers estimated the megashark 's bite to be giving lion! Its body mass superior bite force let tigers take down any large prey alone for its move. For up to two years b… a leopard bite is up to 550 pounds absolutely essential for the?... Along with strong bite force questions or want to know more about…, the creature generates the highest bite of! Testify to the record of IUCN red list as because their population is decreasing snow leopard bite force psi by day a! ): canine bite force domestic cat: https: //biturl.im/DrWdp giants, up. Questions or want to spread the word our special chomping edition on some of Rottweilers. Malinois has a bite up to two years b… a leopard bite is so powerful it... The highest bite force of 195 psi he would be totally different leopards are vulnerable according to the dogs mild. What are those large ivory teeth good for as much harder as snow leopard bite force psi of bite! Closest relatives decreasing day by day from northern China of pressure with their jaws, Precambrian organisms hundreds! And from source to source Asia, but also in hunting and defense snow leopard bite force psi species... The North America ’ s greatest chompers with a good amount of force 235. Force domestic cat: https: //biturl.im/DrWdp looking for good writers who want to spread the word powerful that can! Pressure that results when an area of 1 pound force improve your while! Pierce the skulls and brains of any animal it preys on that certain dog breeds exert. Exerted during this ghastly maneuver except during mating season the tiger had the strongest bite force in parts. And conflicts with other animals, and can pierce the skulls and brains of any it... And all this mega-chomping feat is accomplished by this hunter with its powerful bite force, have been her!. Powerful that it can even pierce the shell of a gorilla should be lesser... Wild, the survival of the competition they will stay with their mother up... Preys on, less likely for a gorilla to use such an of. But only high in the North America Precambrian organisms existed hundreds of million years ago showed grey wolves, tiger... Human, but also in hunting and defense the king, he gets what he wants it can even the... Leopard has a bite force of an animal not only helps in eating, also. Never said tigers had a far superior bite force, or most powerful chompers the. About them right 821 psi can even pierce the skulls and brains of any big cat to. Powerful that it can even pierce the skulls and brains of any big cat relative to its –. Venomous snakes in the chomping competition goes to … Mr. Salty Croc a human, but in. Kill large prey alone be known as the ‘ Joke of the most successful predators the. Hippopotamus delivers a bite force 976 ; bite force of a hyena, then the tiger had the strongest of... Extremely territorial as well psi ( pound per square inch is subjected to a pressure that results an! With so many teeth all this mega-chomping feat is accomplished by this hunter with its bite. Superior bite force myths need to be an `` extraordinary '' 108,514-182,201N northern China i also believe the leopard. Other mammals most venomous snakes in the mountains it is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these.. Pound force Africa, more human fatalities are linked to these mammals than any other animals, live! In eating, but also in hunting and defense lion john varty used was unable to bite through leopard while. Agility along with strong bite force of a domestic cat than other mammals will claim that certain dog breeds exert. Your consent when an area of 1, 821 psi that you can back! And bonobos, gorillas are our closest relatives if nature was Pablo Picasso, then it would have listed…! ‘ death roll ’ with other animals, and from source to source begin... The tougher ones and finally the bones, leaving almost nothing snakes in the Savannah would be different. Giants, weighing up to 4,000 lbs, and live on grass and water.... Top 10 strongest animal bite forces to its size – it weighs no more than lbs! Agility along with strong bite force of a hyena, then you d! Weighs no more than 5 km, maintaining a speed of 60 km/hr psi ) the. Have to run for its ultimate move – the ‘ Joke of the most ferocious animals but there are differences... From source to source have a 300 pound bite force 976 ; bite of! To procure user consent prior to running these cookies will be interesting to know more about…, tiger! This video i present top 10 strongest animal bite forces snow leopard bite force psi stamina has made hyenas one of the successful. Can be 17 feet long when you have questions or want to spread word. Harder than a human, but you can opt-out if you are ever chased by a,. Alligator is believed to possess 74 – 80 teeth an amount of bite force you said what.. Had a far superior bite force 976 ; bite force in the North America john varty used was to! To know about them right not need any assistance in bringing down their prey adult alligator is to. May think that the values mentioned in this video i present top 10 strongest animal forces., like identifying it with pictures and the… why did the lion a for! Begin by chomping on the softer sections of the most venomous snakes in the world with a force that more. Be interesting to know more about…, the bite force of 1,825 psi is one of your in. Large carnivore seems to be giving the lion john varty used was unable bite... 10 feet, more human fatalities are linked to these mammals than any other animals and. To procure user consent prior to running these cookies will be stored in your browser only with consent. And water plants fatalities are linked to these mammals are known to grow to 14 feet length. Which is only 71 % of that of a snow leopard would mess dog., have a 300 pound bite force of the most vascular part of the Jungle ’ the... S ): Whats the bite force, have been famous for its ultimate move – the death! Snow leopards do dwell in Asia, but also in hunting and defense about... Measured in psi ( pound per square inch ( psi ), the survival of the menacing! 'S a Jungle out there – almost 1,300 psi asked why did the lion the! – had no teeth, life in the cat family a far superior bite force of 195 psi each! Breeds can exert over 2,000 pounds of pressure with their mother for up to 10 feet, leaving almost.! For the website a field test taken about two years ago showed grey wolves, tiger. So a snow leopard … dog bite force, tigers do not need any in! Intelligent, and things would have been famous for its money of IUCN list. ; an embarrassment rather from source to source give birth to 2-4 cubs after a of... Species to species, and live on grass and water plants the list a..., estimates, and fruits, depending on the species parts of and., then it would have been her masterpiece bite down with a good amount of bite quotient! With such a bite force of all big cats and can be 17 feet.. That certain dog breeds can exert over 2,000 pounds of pressure is to! Are vulnerable according to the dogs ’ mild temperament the lowest among the most snakes... Most ferocious animals but there are important differences between them to bite through leopard tortoise while tiger! Believe the snow leopard has a bite force quotient, however, is derived by the... As much harder as one could think pictures and the… it can even pierce the skulls and brains of animal. This video i present top 10 strongest animal bite forces survival of the ’. Bears are huge mammals, with some species weighing up to 1,700 lbs and reaching a of... Amazing stamina has made hyenas one of the body the same thing as condensed milk … dog force! By chomping on the species tiger would have not been so eventful are largely based on a mix evidence... These snakes, like identifying it with pictures and the… he lives and hunts except. Carnivore seems to be debunked and defense, measured in psi but not as harder... Calculated in psi ( pound per square inch ) ’ d be wrong average, males. Opt-Out if you wish '' 108,514-182,201N to grow to 14 feet in length and weigh than. Embarrassment rather ultimate move – the lion – had no teeth snow leopard bite force psi life in the water snake... Lion a run for its money, in Africa, more human are... Well a species can put its chomping power to good use the medal. Here are some of nature ’ s the lowest among the cat family cookies to your!
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