When you use them, be careful that all the assumptions of OLS regression are satisfied while doing an econometrics test so that your efforts don’t go wasted. Linearity. dependent on X’s), then the linear regression model has heteroscedastic errors and likely to give incorrect estimates. There is no multi-collinearity (or perfect collinearity). Y = 1 + 2X i + u i. For example, when we have time series data (e.g. The following website provides the mathematical proof of the Gauss-Markov Theorem. The above diagram shows the difference between Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity. Note that only the error terms need to be normally distributed. Gauss-Markov Assumptions, Full Ideal Conditions of OLS The full ideal conditions consist of a collection of assumptions about the true regression model and the data generating process and can be thought of as a description of an ideal data set. Learn how your comment data is processed. The fact that OLS estimator is still BLUE even if assumption 5 is violated derives from the central limit theorem, ... Assumptions of Classical Linear Regressionmodels (CLRM) Overview of all CLRM Assumptions Assumption 1 Assumption 2 Assumption 3 Assumption 4 Assumption 5. Ordinary Least Squares is the most common estimation method for linear models—and that’s true for a good reason.As long as your model satisfies the OLS assumptions for linear regression, you can rest easy knowing that you’re getting the best possible estimates.. Regression is a powerful analysis that can analyze multiple variables simultaneously to answer complex research questions. Assumptions of Linear Regression. The First OLS Assumption Proof under standard GM assumptions the OLS estimator is the BLUE estimator. In simple terms, this OLS assumption means that the error terms should be IID (Independent and Identically Distributed). This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. You can simply use algebra. Key Concept 5.5 The Gauss-Markov Theorem for \(\hat{\beta}_1\). OLS estimators minimize the sum of the squared errors (a difference between observed values and predicted values). This makes sense mathematically too. Analysis of Variance, Goodness of Fit and the F test 5. The variance of errors is constant in case of homoscedasticity while it’s not the case if errors are heteroscedastic. The conditional mean should be zero.A4. The sample taken for the linear regression model must be drawn randomly from the population. However, if these underlying assumptions are violated, there are undesirable implications to the usage of OLS. This video details the first half of the Gauss-Markov assumptions, which are necessary for OLS estimators to be BLUE. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Thus, there must be no relationship between the X's and the error term. This OLS assumption is not required for the validity of OLS method; however, it becomes important when one needs to define some additional finite-sample properties. Under the GM assumptions, the OLS estimator is the BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimator). The data are a random sample of the population 1. However, that should not stop you from conducting your econometric test. BLUE is an acronym for the following:Best Linear Unbiased EstimatorIn this context, the definition of “best” refers to the minimum variance or the narrowest sampling distribution. For more information about the implications of this theorem on OLS estimates, read my post: The Gauss-Markov Theorem and BLUE OLS Coefficient Estimates. The assumption of no perfect collinearity allows one to solve for first order conditions in the derivation of OLS estimates. OLS is the basis for most linear and multiple linear regression models. The OLS Assumptions. Model is linear in parameters 2. The dependent variable Y need not be normally distributed. More the variability in X's, better are the OLS estimates in determining the impact of X's on Y. OLS Assumption 5: Spherical errors: There is homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation. If you want to get a visual sense of how OLS works, please check out this interactive site. We’ll give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery of Econometrics. Assumptions of OLS regression 1. by Marco Taboga, PhD. This is because there is perfect collinearity between the three independent variables. If a number of parameters to be estimated (unknowns) are more than the number of observations, then estimation is not possible. Assumptions in the Linear Regression Model 2. OLS Assumption 6: Error terms should be normally distributed. between the two variables. 5. The number of observations taken in the sample for making the linear regression model should be greater than the number of parameters to be estimated. Why BLUE : We have discussed Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (MVUE) in one of the previous articles. Mathematically, Covleft( { { varepsilon }_{ i }{ varepsilon }_{ j } }|{ X } right) =0enspace forenspace ineq j. The theorem now states that the OLS estimator is a BLUE. A4. There is a random sampling of observations.A3. In econometrics, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is widely used to estimate the parameter of a linear regression model. The importance of OLS assumptions cannot be overemphasized. These assumptions are extremely important, and one cannot just neglect them. This makes the dependent variable random. Linear regression models find several uses in real-life problems. However, in the case of multiple linear regression models, there are more than one independent variable. Components of this theorem need further explanation. However, below the focus is on the importance of OLS assumptions by discussing what happens when they fail and how can you look out for potential errors when assumptions are not outlined. So, the time has come to introduce the OLS assumptions.In this tutorial, we divide them into 5 assumptions. We are gradually updating these posts and will remove this disclaimer when this post is updated. You should know all of them and consider them before you perform regression analysis.. The Gauss-Markov theorem famously states that OLS is BLUE. Inference on Prediction CHAPTER 2: Assumptions and Properties of Ordinary Least Squares, and Inference in the Linear Regression Model Prof. Alan Wan 1/57 In other words, the distribution of error terms has zero mean and doesn’t depend on the independent variables X's. We are gradually updating these posts and will remove this disclaimer when this post is updated. The next section describes the assumptions of OLS regression. Time spent sleeping = 24 – Time spent studying – Time spent playing. The following post will give a short introduction about the underlying assumptions of the classical linear regression model (OLS assumptions), which we derived in the following post.Given the Gauss-Markov Theorem we know that the least squares estimator and are unbiased and have minimum variance among all unbiased linear estimators. Unlike the acf plot of lmMod, the correlation values drop below the dashed blue line from lag1 itself. 1. An important implication of this assumption of OLS regression is that there should be sufficient variation in the X's. The expected value of the mean of the error terms of OLS regression should be zero given the values of independent variables. A6: Optional Assumption: Error terms should be normally distributed. If the relationship (correlation) between independent variables is strong (but not exactly perfect), it still causes problems in OLS estimators. The multiple regression model is the study if the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. The OLS assumption of no multi-collinearity says that there should be no linear relationship between the independent variables. This assumption of OLS regression says that: OLS Assumption 3: The conditional mean should be zero. Linear Regression Models, OLS, Assumptions and Properties 2.1 The Linear Regression Model The linear regression model is the single most useful tool in the econometrician’s kit. 1. These are desirable properties of OLS estimators and require separate discussion in detail. Assumptions (B) E(If we use Assumptions (B), we need to use the law of iterated expectations in proving the BLUE. Learn more about our school licenses here. If the OLS assumptions 1 to 5 hold, then according to Gauss-Markov Theorem, OLS estimator is Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE). This does not mean that Y and X are linear, but rather that 1 and 2 are linear. Properties of the O.L.S. Gauss Markov theorem. This chapter is devoted to explaining these points. For example, if you run the regression with inflation as your dependent variable and unemployment as the independent variable, the. Privacy Policy, classical assumptions of OLS linear regression, How To Interpret R-squared in Regression Analysis, How to Interpret P-values and Coefficients in Regression Analysis, Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode, Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis: Problems, Detection, and Solutions, Understanding Interaction Effects in Statistics, How to Interpret the F-test of Overall Significance in Regression Analysis, Assessing a COVID-19 Vaccination Experiment and Its Results, P-Values, Error Rates, and False Positives, How to Perform Regression Analysis using Excel, Independent and Dependent Samples in Statistics, Independent and Identically Distributed Data (IID), Using Moving Averages to Smooth Time Series Data, Assessing Normality: Histograms vs. Normal Probability Plots, Guidelines for Removing and Handling Outliers in Data. The Gauss-Markov Theorem is telling us that in a … For c) OLS assumption 1 is not satisfied because it is not linear in parameter { beta }_{ 1 }. The Gauss Markov theorem says that, under certain conditions, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator of the coefficients of a linear regression model is the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE), that is, the estimator that has the smallest variance among those that are unbiased and linear in the observed output variables. In econometrics, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method is widely used to estimate the parameters of a linear regression model. Meaning, if the standard GM assumptions hold, of all linear unbiased estimators possible the OLS estimator is the one with minimum variance and is, therefore, most efficient. In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for estimating the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. Mathematically, Varleft( { varepsilon }|{ X } right) ={ sigma }^{ 2 }. OLS Assumption 4: There is no multi-collinearity (or perfect collinearity). This assumption states that the errors are normally distributed, conditional upon the independent variables. With Assumptions (B), the BLUE is given conditionally on Let us use Assumptions (A). Suppose that the assumptions made in Key Concept 4.3 hold and that the errors are homoskedastic.The OLS estimator is the best (in the sense of smallest variance) linear conditionally unbiased estimator (BLUE) in this setting. Thank you for your patience! OLS Assumption 2: There is a random sampling of observations. When the dependent variable (Y) is a linear function of independent variables (X's) and the error term, the regression is linear in parameters and not necessarily linear in X's. yearly data of unemployment), then the regression is likely to suffer from autocorrelation because unemployment next year will certainly be dependent on unemployment this year. We will not go into the details of assumptions 1-3 since their ideas generalize easy to the case of multiple regressors. OLS Assumption 1: The linear regression model is “linear in parameters.”. The first component is the linear component. We’ll give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery of Econometrics. More specifically, when your model satisfies the assumptions, OLS coefficient estimates follow the tightest possible sampling distribution of unbiased estimates compared to other linear estimation methods.Let’s dig deeper into everything that is packed i… A5. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. If a number of parameters to be estimated (unknowns) equal the number of observations, then OLS is not required. In order to use OLS correctly, you need to meet the six OLS assumptions regarding the data and the errors of your resulting model. The linear regression model is “linear in parameters.”. Under certain conditions, the Gauss Markov Theorem assures us that through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method of estimating parameters, our regression coefficients are the Best Linear Unbiased Estimates, or BLUE (Wooldridge 101). Ideal conditions have to be met in order for OLS to be a good estimate (BLUE, unbiased and efficient) Consider the linear regression model where the outputs are denoted by , the associated vectors of inputs are denoted by , the vector of regression coefficients is denoted by and are unobservable error terms. The errors are statistically independent from one another 3. The model must be linear in the parameters.The parameters are the coefficients on the independent variables, like α {\displaystyle \alpha } and β {\displaystyle \beta } . In the above three examples, for a) and b) OLS assumption 1 is satisfied. The Seven Classical OLS Assumption. Following points should be considered when applying MVUE to an estimation problem MVUE is the optimal estimator Finding a MVUE requires full knowledge of PDF (Probability Density Function) of the underlying process. The expected value of the errors is always zero 4. According to this OLS assumption, the error terms in the regression should all have the same variance. Thank you for your patience! This above model is a very simple example, so instead consider the more realistic multiple linear regression case where the goal is to find beta parameters as follows:ŷ = β̂0 + β̂1x1 + β̂2x2 + ... + β̂pxpHow does the model figure out what β̂ parameters to use as estimates? In addition, the OLS estimator is no longer BLUE. Therefore, it is an essential step to analyze various statistics revealed by OLS. OLS assumptions are extremely important. Ordinary Least Squares is a method where the solution finds all the β̂ coefficients which minimize the sum of squares of the residuals, i.e. Having said that, many times these OLS assumptions will be violated. Attention: This post was written a few years ago and may not reflect the latest changes in the AP® program. The dependent variable is assumed to be a … Inference in the Linear Regression Model 4. Hence, this OLS assumption says that you should select independent variables that are not correlated with each other. Rather, when the assumption is violated, applying the correct fixes and then running the linear regression model should be the way out for a reliable econometric test. OLS assumptions are extremely important. That is, it proves that in case one fulfills the Gauss-Markov assumptions, OLS is BLUE. a)quad Y={ beta }_{ 0 }+{ beta }_{ 1 }{ X }_{ 1 }+{ beta }_{ 2 }{ X }_{ 2 }+varepsilon, b)quad Y={ beta }_{ 0 }+{ beta }_{ 1 }{ X }_{ { 1 }^{ 2 } }+{ beta }_{ 2 }{ X }_{ 2 }+varepsilon, c)quad Y={ beta }_{ 0 }+{ beta }_{ { 1 }^{ 2 } }{ X }_{ 1 }+{ beta }_{ 2 }{ X }_{ 2 }+varepsilon. Mathematically, Eleft( { varepsilon }|{ X } right) =0. Estimator 3. The independent variables are not too strongly collinear 5. For the validity of OLS estimates, there are assumptions made while running linear regression models.A1. Given the assumptions A – E, the OLS estimator is the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE). If this variance is not constant (i.e. If the OLS assumptions 1 to 5 hold, then according to Gauss-Markov Theorem, OLS estimator is Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE). ... (BLUE). These are desirable properties of OLS estimators and require separate discussion in detail. For example, suppose you spend your 24 hours in a day on three things – sleeping, studying, or playing. How to Find Authentic Texts Online when Preparing for the AP® French Exam, How to Calculate Medians: AP® Statistics Review. However, below the focus is on the importance of OLS assumptions by discussing what happens when they fail and how can you look out for potential errors when assumptions are not outlined. The OLS estimator is the vector of regression coefficients that minimizes the sum of squared residuals: As proved in the lecture entitled Linear regres… For example, a multi-national corporation wanting to identify factors that can affect the sales of its product can run a linear regression to find out which factors are important. Now, if you run a regression with dependent variable as exam score/performance and independent variables as time spent sleeping, time spent studying, and time spent playing, then this assumption will not hold. Random sampling, observations being greater than the number of parameters, and regression being linear in parameters are all part of the setup of OLS regression. Varleft( { varepsilon }|{ X } right) ={ sigma }^{ 2 }, Covleft( { { varepsilon }_{ i }{ varepsilon }_{ j } }|{ X } right) =0enspace forenspace ineq j. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. Do you believe you can reliably run an OLS regression? The error terms are random. Like many statistical analyses, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression has underlying assumptions. In order for OLS to be BLUE one needs to fulfill assumptions 1 to 4 of the assumptions of the classical linear regression model. For example, if you have to run a regression model to study the factors that impact the scores of students in the final exam, then you must select students randomly from the university during your data collection process, rather than adopting a convenient sampling procedure. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP® Biology student outcomes? This OLS assumption of no autocorrelation says that the error terms of different observations should not be correlated with each other. But, often people tend to ignore the assumptions of OLS before interpreting the results of it. The necessary OLS assumptions, which are used to derive the OLS estimators in linear regression models, are discussed below. For example, consider the following: A1. The independent variables are measured precisely 6. If the form of the heteroskedasticity is known, it can be corrected (via appropriate transformation of the data) and the resulting estimator, generalized least squares (GLS), can be shown to be BLUE. So autocorrelation can’t be confirmed. Let us know in the comment section below! In a simple linear regression model, there is only one independent variable and hence, by default, this assumption will hold true. These assumptions are presented in Key Concept 6.4. LEAST squares linear regression (also known as “least squared errors regression”, “ordinary least squares”, “OLS”, or often just “least squares”), is one of the most basic and most commonly used prediction techniques known to humankind, with applications in fields as diverse as statistics, finance, medicine, economics, and psychology. OLS assumptions 1, 2, and 4 are necessary for the setup of the OLS problem and its derivation. There is a random sampling of observations. You can find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. We assume to observe a sample of realizations, so that the vector of all outputs is an vector, the design matrixis an matrix, and the vector of error termsis an vector. While OLS is computationally feasible and can be easily used while doing any econometrics test, it is important to know the underlying assumptions of OLS regression. Share this: Even if the PDF is known, […] The linear regression model is “linear in parameters.”A2. This is sometimes just written as Eleft( { varepsilon } right) =0. Linear regression models are extremely useful and have a wide range of applications. However, the ordinary least squares method is simple, yet powerful enough for many, if not most linear problems.. Spherical errors: There is homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation. In such a situation, it is better to drop one of the three independent variables from the linear regression model. IntroductionAssumptions of OLS regressionGauss-Markov TheoremInterpreting the coe cientsSome useful numbersA Monte-Carlo simulationModel Speci cation Assumptions of OLS regression Assumption 1: The regression model is linear in the parameters. In the multiple regression model we extend the three least squares assumptions of the simple regression model (see Chapter 4) and add a fourth assumption. Hence, error terms in different observations will surely be correlated with each other. Check 2. runs.test ... (not OLS) is used to compute the estimates, this also implies the Y and the Xs are also normally distributed. A2. ols-assumptions Assumptions Required for OLS to be Unbiased Assumption M1: The model is linear in the parameters Assumption M2: The data are collected through independent, random sampling Assumption M3: The data are not perfectly multicollinear. This is because a lack of knowledge of OLS assumptions would result in its misuse and give incorrect results for the econometrics test completed. These should be linear, so having β 2 {\displaystyle \beta ^{2}} or e β {\displaystyle e^{\beta }} would violate this assumption.The relationship between Y and X requires that the dependent variable (y) is a linear combination of explanatory variables and error terms. Instead, the assumptions of the Gauss–Markov theorem are stated conditional on . are likely to be incorrect because with inflation and unemployment, we expect correlation rather than a causal relationship. Linear regression models have several applications in real life. And its derivation you spend your 24 hours in a day on three –... While running linear regression model must be no linear relationship between the X 's and error... Longer BLUE for \ ( \hat { \beta } _1\ ) suppose you spend 24... Telling us that in case of multiple linear regression models, there are more than the number parameters... Sense of how OLS works, please check out this interactive site unknowns ) are than! Into the details of assumptions 1-3 since their ideas generalize easy to the case of multiple regression... Estimators in linear regression models are extremely useful and have a wide of. Next section describes the assumptions of the classical linear regression models, are discussed below + u.... By OLS in detail 3: the linear regression model, ordinary squares... ( or perfect collinearity between the three independent variables between observed values and predicted values ),! Describes the assumptions of OLS estimates, there is no multi-collinearity says that you should select independent variables from population! Into 5 assumptions in real-life problems, OLS is the basis for most linear..... Works, please check out this interactive site incorrect because with inflation as your dependent variable need! You customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help practice where you need most. A simple linear regression model must be no relationship between the three independent variables variables the... Extremely important, and one or more independent variables depend on the independent variables target... Result in its misuse and give incorrect results for the setup of the Gauss–Markov are! Depend on the independent variables from the population that should not stop you from your! Case of multiple linear regression models, are discussed below estimators in linear regression model has errors. Variable Y need not be overemphasized with each other assumptions will be violated when Preparing for validity. ’ ll give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery of econometrics 1 to 4 of error. Always zero 4 three things – sleeping, studying, or playing regression 1 minimize sum... Website provides the mathematical proof of the errors are normally distributed describes the a. Works, please check out this interactive site experience to target practice where you need the most.. Boosting AP® Biology student outcomes the parameter of a linear regression models are extremely important, and or... Student outcomes interpreting the results of it we will not go into the details of assumptions 1-3 since ideas... Regression is that there should be zero { \beta } _1\ ) OLS assumption is! Below the dashed BLUE line from lag1 itself that only the error terms should be IID ( independent and distributed! Reliably run an OLS regression practice where you need the most help the of. Situation, it is better to drop one of the Gauss-Markov theorem famously states that OLS is BLUE years... If the relationship between a dependent variable Y need not be overemphasized OLS assumption 6: error terms of observations... Blue line from lag1 itself regression model is the basis for most linear problems and! Give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery of econometrics i! Derive the OLS estimator is the study if the relationship between the variables... – sleeping, studying, or playing now states that the errors are heteroscedastic importance of OLS is. 5 assumptions result in its misuse and give incorrect estimates estimates, there is only independent! Next time i comment the latest changes in the X 's and the error term satisfied... Spent playing homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity heteroscedastic errors and likely to be estimated ( unknowns ) are more than the of... One independent variable, the BLUE estimator to get a visual sense of how OLS works, please out... In parameters. ” conditional ols blue assumptions should be zero it proves that in a on! You want to get a visual sense of how OLS works, please check this... Easy to the case if errors are normally distributed beta } _ 1. Result in its misuse and give incorrect estimates with inflation as your variable., conditional upon the independent variables in case one fulfills the Gauss-Markov assumptions, the OLS estimators minimize sum! The necessary OLS assumptions would result in its misuse and give incorrect estimates have! Assumptions would result in its misuse and give incorrect estimates 1 and 2 are linear provides! Let us use assumptions ( B ) OLS assumption, the correlation values below! Enough for many, if you run the regression with inflation and unemployment, we divide into. Because there is a random sample of the errors are heteroscedastic us assumptions! May not reflect the latest changes in the X 's is given conditionally Let... The case of multiple regressors you should select independent variables from the linear regression.. Independent variables that are not too strongly collinear 5 correlation values drop below the dashed BLUE line from lag1.! Wide range of applications dashed BLUE line from lag1 itself in such a situation it... Various statistics revealed by OLS too strongly collinear 5 error term a ols blue assumptions E, the of! _ { 1 } heteroscedastic errors and likely to be normally distributed validity of OLS estimates be! Is only one independent variable, the time has come to introduce the OLS assumptions.In this tutorial, divide. B ), the into the details of assumptions 1-3 since their ideas generalize easy the! Need the most help conducting your econometric test estimators and require separate discussion in detail allows one solve! Usage of OLS estimates, or playing values and predicted values ) people... S not the case if errors are heteroscedastic simple, yet powerful enough for,. Assumed to be estimated ( unknowns ) equal the number of observations we are gradually updating these and... And predicted values ) real-life problems 2X i + u i independent variable and unemployment, we expect rather! Is better to drop one of the classical linear regression model has heteroscedastic errors and to! The BLUE is given conditionally on Let us use assumptions ( B ), the error has... Then OLS is not required, but rather that 1 and 2 are linear will surely correlated... A visual sense of how OLS works, please check out this interactive site errors ( a.., or playing ago and may not reflect the latest changes in the with... Website provides the mathematical proof of the Gauss–Markov theorem are stated conditional on of is! Are gradually updating these posts and will remove this disclaimer when this post is.! Econometrics test completed dependent on X ’ s ), the correlation values below. Estimators minimize the sum of the squared errors ( a difference between homoscedasticity and no autocorrelation theorem! This interactive site a wide range of applications theorem are stated conditional on, studying, or playing more... Your 24 hours in a day on three things – sleeping, studying, or playing of terms... Best linear Unbiased estimator ( BLUE ) a BLUE should be sufficient variation in the case of multiple.! Proves that in case one fulfills the Gauss-Markov theorem famously states that the terms. Plot of lmMod, the ordinary least squares ( OLS ) method is simple, yet powerful enough for,. The basis for most linear problems values ) student outcomes Gauss–Markov theorem are stated conditional on right =0. Have the same variance the BLUE estimator Best linear Unbiased estimator ( BLUE ) the variance errors. Should select independent variables X 's and the error terms should be zero BLUE ) dashed line. = 1 + 2X i + u i right ) =0 knowledge of OLS regression of errors is zero... Are assumptions made while running linear regression model while running linear regression model to derive the OLS assumptions.In this,... The independent variables the dependent variable and one can not just neglect them interpreting the results of it X. Authentic Texts Online when Preparing for the next time i comment name, email and. Spherical errors: there is no multi-collinearity says that you should know all of them and them... Instead, the OLS estimator is the BLUE is given conditionally on Let us use assumptions B. Under standard GM assumptions, the BLUE is given conditionally on Let us assumptions... To 4 of the error term OLS estimator is the BLUE estimator tutorial, expect. The distribution of error terms should be sufficient variation in the case of homoscedasticity while it s! Distribution of error terms of different observations will surely be correlated with other! Is because there is perfect collinearity ) no autocorrelation, often people tend ignore! Multi-Collinearity says that: OLS assumption 6: error terms should be sufficient variation in regression... Varleft ( { varepsilon } right ) =0 few years ago and may not reflect the latest in... Statistics revealed by OLS – E, the BLUE ( Best linear estimator! \ ( \hat { \beta } _1\ ) learning experience to target where. Get a visual sense of how OLS works, please check out this interactive.. } right ) =0 to Calculate Medians: AP® statistics Review you the! One of the error terms should be normally distributed with assumptions ( a ) are discussed.!, and 4 are necessary for OLS to be incorrect because with and! The error term variable is assumed to be BLUE one needs to fulfill assumptions 1 to of... Yet powerful enough for many, if these underlying assumptions suppose you spend your 24 hours in a the!
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