The glaciers of Iceland. Front. doi:10.1177/0959683619865601, Wittmann, M., Zwaaftink, C. D. G., Schmidt, L., Guðmundsson, S., Pálsson, F., Arnalds, O., et al. In situ mass-balance observations are sparse (e.g., Zemp et al., 2020a), but with the aid of satellite and other remote-sensing data, an increasingly clear picture of glacier mass loss around the world has been appearing (e.g., Brun et al., 2017; Wouters et al., 2019; Morris et al., 2020; Shean et al., 2020). This is illustrated by strongly negative mass balances and considerable retreat of glaciers in the 1930–1950s in Iceland (this study), on the east coast of Greenland (Bjørk et al., 2012), in Svalbard (Möller and Kohler, 2018) and for Hardangerjøkulen in Norway (Weber et al., 2019). The calving fronts of many tidewater glaciers in Greenland have been undergoing strong seasonal and in-terannual fluctuations. The mass loss due to energy dissipation in Vatnajökull, caused by the flow of water and ice as estimated by Jóhannesson et al. Earth Sci. doi:10.5194/tc-14-1209-2020, Thorarinsson, S. (1940). Jökull 50, 1–18. (2020) includes geothermal melting, energy dissipation caused by the flow of water and ice, volcanic eruptions, and calving. Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites. Sigurðsson, O., and Williams, R. (2008). Glacier change in Norway since the 1960s—an overview of mass balance, area, length and surface elevation changes. (2015), gives an empirical relation between glacier volume (V) and area (A) of the form: This relationship was already applied to estimate the ∼1890 volume of Langjökull by Pálsson et al. For the whole 129-year period, 1890–2019, we estimate the average rate of mass change to be −4.2±1.0 Gt a−1. We use Elmer/Ice to investigate the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in Iceland. (E) The average summer (June through September) temperature at the meteorological station in Stykkishólmur (see Figure 1 for location); the thick line shows the 11-year running average with triangular weight, a 5-year filter. Remote Sens. This value includes both the uncertainty of the volume used as input for the volume–area scaling and the uncertainty of the output values (shown with stars in Figure 4). from 1890 to 2019, and Langjökull and Hofsjökull 66 m w.e. for Vatnajökull (black), Langjökull (blue), and Hofsjökull (green). Afkomumælingar á Hofsjökli 1988–2017 (mass balance Measurements on Hofsjökull 1988–2017). 234 (Oslo, Norwegian water resources and energy administration, and Saskatoon, Canada, national hydrology research institute. a−1, respectively. The moment was shared by Háfjall, a tour company located in Höfn, southeast Iceland. doi:10.1017/jog.2020.10, Bahr, D. B., Meier, M. F., and Peckham, S. D. (1997). Timescales for redistribution of ice volume to maintain the characteristic shape of a glacier are expected to be much shorter than the response time of the glacier to mass-balance changes (Jóhannesson et al., 1989; Harrison et al., 2001). The area loss since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) is ∼2,200 km2 and ∼750 km2 since the year 2000, or about 40 km2 (or 0.4%) per year (Hannesdóttir et al., 2020). My buddy Josh (@steeringsouth) and I rode the Alaska Railroad out to Spencer Glacier Whistle Stop and tent camped over night at Spencer Glacier. The town Stykkishólmur is shown with a purple dot, from which a temperature record exists since the middle of the 19th century. (8) To include an estimate of mass change for other glaciers than Vatnajökull, Langjökull, and Hofsjökull in the periods 1890/91–1944/45 and 2017/18–2018/19, the net mass change of those three is multiplied by F = 1.130, which is the ratio between mass change of all glaciers in Iceland in 1945/46–2016/17 and the mass change of the three large ice caps in the same period. Zemp, M., Huss, M., Eckert, N., Thibert, E., Paul, F., Nussbaumer, S. U., et al. doi:10.1002/2016GL071485, Gärtner-Roer, I., Naegeli, K., Huss, M., Knecht, T., Machguth, H., and Zemp, M. (2014). The total height of the ice was about 915 m (3,000 … doi:10.5194/tc-9-139-2015, Østby, T. I., Schuler, T. V., Hagen, J. O., Hock, R., Kohler, J., and Reijmer, C. H. (2017). The non-surface mass balance is known to be a non-negligible component of the mass balance of glaciers in Iceland (e.g., Björnsson et al., 2013) but has so far not been included in mass-balance estimates. a−1 (value in 2016/17) for the last two years of the record. doi:10.5194/tc-7-877-2013, Huss, M., and Farinotti, D. (2012). Cryosphere Discuss. Here, we assume that the relationship between area and volume is the same for the three largest glaciers in Iceland, Vatnajökull, Langjökull, and Hofsjökull, which is supported by the linear relationship shown in Figure 4. : Earth Surface. Available at: doi:10.17895/ices.pub.4625 (Accessed March 21, 2018). (2019). doi:10.3189/172756501781831837. Change. The detailed mass-balance record presented here is combined from glaciological observations, geodetic measurements, simulation with the HIRHAM5 snowpack model, estimates of non-surface mass balance, and results from an empirical volume–area scaling that are used to extend the record back to the time of maximum LIA extent of the glaciers as recorded by geomorphological evidence. Oscillations of the Iceland glaciers in the last 250 years. Bull. Unmeasured glaciers (Ou) corresponded to ∼1.3% of the total area in 2019 (Hannesdóttir et al., 2020). The cumulative mass change of all the glaciers for each period was computed as the sum of the total mass balance of the all glaciers (the product of the specific mass balance and the time-dependent glacier area). 66, 685–697. When calculating the uncertainty of the mass change of all Icelandic glaciers for the four IPCC periods (shown as horizontal lines in Figure 5), the uncertainties of the different contributions are considered independent. Geophys. The mass-balance measurements have been conducted at ∼60, ∼25, and ∼25 locations since 1991/92, 1996/97, and 1987/88 for Vatnajökull, Langjökull, and Hofsjökull, respectively. Cryosphere 5, 961–975. Res. doi:10.1029/97JB01696, Bahr, D. B., Pfeffer, W., and Kaser, G. (2015). We apply a variable calving rate as described by Jóhannesson et al. J. Glaciol. a−1 in 1996/97 and use −0.067 m w.e. (2011). Cryosphere 11, 1665–1684. The calving was caused by ice above the water melting, putting pressure on ice still under the water. (6) Geodetic mass-balance records for Langjökull (Pálsson et al., 2012), from 1937/38 to 1996/97 (red lines with uncertainties in Figure 3B) and 12 smaller glaciers (Figure 3D) from 1945/46 to 2016/17 (Belart et al., 2020) that cover 8.3% of the glacier area in Iceland. (2017) showed that signal leakage due to mass changes of the neighboring Greenland Ice Sheet and the effect of glacial isostatic rebound need to be carefully taken into account. Earth Sci. Arab. ICES (2018). Björnsson, H., Pálsson, F., Guðmundsson, M. T., and Haraldsson, H. H. (2002). FIGURE 3. Rep. 08, 572. doi:10.1038/srep00572, Guðmundsson, S., Björnsson, H., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Jóhannesson, T., Pálsson, F., and Sigurðsson, O. 36, 82–90. The volume–area point marked 1890* for Vatnajökull in Figure 4 includes an area correction that corresponds to a 500 m retreat (area reduction by 100 km2), and the point marked 1890** includes double this area correction (the point marked 1890 corresponds to data that have not been adjusted to reflect the impact of the surges on the area). 7, 171. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00171, Weber, P., Boston, C. M., Lovell, H., and Andreassen, L. M. (2019). Sensitivity of glacier runoff to winter snow thickness investigated for Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, using numerical models and observations. Vaughan, D., Comiso, J., Allison, I., Carrasco, J., Kaser, G., Kwok, R., et al. Contribution of Icelandic ice caps to sea level rise: trends and variability since the Little Ice Age. doi:10.1002/2014RG000470, Belart, J. M. C., Magnússon, E., Berthier, E., Pálsson, F., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., and Jóhannesson, T. (2019). "CHASING ICE" captures largest glacier calving ever filmed - … 8, 305–308. The previously estimated mass change rate of −9.5 ± 1.5 Gt a−1 for the period 1994/95–2009/10 (Björnsson et al., 2013), which included 0.5 Gt a−1 from geothermal melting (∼3% of typical ablation of the survey period), is less negative than the current estimate for the same period: −11.6 ± 0.8 Gt a−1, now including the recent improved estimate of the contribution from other glaciers than the three largest, the non-surface melt, and calving in Jökulsárlón. Surface and bedrock topography of ice caps in Iceland, mapped by radio echo-sounding. Terminus lakes on the south side of Vatnajökull ice cap, SE-Iceland. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2008.10.005, Leclercq, P. W., Oerlemans, J., and Cogley, J. G. (2011). The average non-surface mass-balance values for Langjökull and Hofsjökull, where calving is insignificant and no eruption has taken place during our study period, are −0.055 m w.e. Geophys. Talence, France: Bordeaux INP ENSEGID. Committed retreat: controls on glacier disequilibrium in a warming climate. a−1 and 0.78 m w.e. Before the glaciological year 1980/81, the observations do not allow the estimation of annual or decadal variability. (2013). Thus, uncertainty about the overall magnitude of the volume of the glacier in question does not affect the accuracy of the estimated volume changes in this case. Radić, V., and Hock, R. (2010). Mass changes in Arctic ice caps and glaciers: implications of regionalizing elevation changes. More recently, the ocean around Iceland warmed after 1995 which correlates with the enhanced mass loss after 1995 in Iceland (Björnsson et al., 2013, this study) and Norway (Andreassen et al., 2020). Density assumptions for converting geodetic glacier volume change to mass change. Geophys. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. The study shows a total mass change of −540 ± 130 Gt (−4.2 ± 1.0 Gt a−1 on average) since the end of the LIA (∼1890), which corresponds to a 16 ± 4% loss of the LIA maximum ice mass. Res. 12, 168–173. Their volumes have been calculated using the following surface DEMs: lidar surface DEM of Hofsjökull from 2008 (Jóhannesson et al., 2013), a SPOT5-HRS (Korona et al., 2009) surface DEM of Vatnajökull from 2010, and a SPOT5 surface DEM of Langjökull from 2004 (Korona et al., 2009; Pálsson et al., 2012). Articles. Variations of Iceland glaciers 1931–1960. The net mass change during these periods, which is obtained with the geodetic method, is not altered by this. Similarities and differences in the response of two ice caps in Iceland to climate warming. With more detailed information about the past mass changes of Icelandic glaciers, models for projecting their future evolution can be improved. The effect of signal leakage and glacial isostatic rebound on GRACE-derived ice mass changes in Iceland. Measurements by Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, and the National Power Company of Iceland (Langjökull and Vatnajökull) and the Icelandic Meteorological Office (Hofsjökull). This program was later continued by the Icelandic Glaciological Society (founded in 1950) and continues to this day (Björnsson, 2017; Hannesdóttir et al., 2020). As a fraction of the typical magnitude of the surface mass balance (∼−1 m w.e. For other time periods of the 20th century, Icelandic glaciers were probably close to equilibrium on a decadal timescale. 64, 675–688. Changes in the southeast Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, between ∼1890 and 2010. (2020) and volumes are calculated in this study], and Mýrdalsjökull [∼598 km2, ∼140 km3, in the year 1991 (Björnsson et al., 2000)], near the southern coast. Zemp, M., Gärtner-Roer, I., Nussbaumer, S. U., Bannwart, J., Rastner, P., Paul, F., et al. 47, GL086926. 209, 226–233. HB and HHH designed, initiated, and led the Vatnajökull mass-balance work for decades and AG has facilitated the continuation of the mass-balance studies reported here. The uncertainty of the geodetic results of Langjökull in 1937/38 to 1996/97 varies between 0.10 and 0.50 m w.e. Cryosphere 11, 741–754. The animation at the top of this page shows a wide view of Pine Island Glacier (PIG) and the long-term retreat of its ice front. On those timescales, this study does not clearly indicate periods of substantially positive mass balance. Shocking huge Glacier calving creates huge wave like tsunami … The results of von Hippel and Harig (2019) are not corrected for isostatic rebound and the mass loss rate of Ciracì et al. It is a form of ice ablation or ice disruption.It is the sudden release and breaking away of a mass of ice from a glacier, iceberg, ice front, ice shelf, or crevasse.The ice that breaks away can be classified as an iceberg, but may also be a growler, bergy bit, or a crevasse wall breakaway. First, Vatnajökull did not at any one time reach the determined maximum LIA extent because the surges responsible for the geomorphological evidence of maximum extent did not occur simultaneously. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Glaciol. Annual glaciological mass-balance measurements started on Hofsjökull in the glaciological year 1987/88 (Thorsteinsson et al., 2017), in 1991/92 on Vatnajökull, and 1996/97 on Langjökull (Björnsson et al., 1998; Björnsson et al., 2002). With increased global temperatures, the summers in Iceland are warmer, resulting in longer ablation seasons, and in winter less precipitation falls as snow. Our study thus shows that Scandinavian glaciers are not representative of glacier mass change in Iceland. This calculation gives the area and volume for several times back to 1970 for Hofsjökull and Vatnajökull and to 1937 for Langjökull. (2019). 62, 933–943. doi:10.1038/NGEO2999, Christian, J. E., Koutnik, M., and Roe, G. (2018). We note that over the time periods considered in this article, repeated surface mapping and surface reconstructions of the glaciers, where available, have shown elevation changes that are small in the interior of the glacier and amplified toward the ice margin, as expected if the glacier maintains a geometrically similar shape as it adjusts toward a new geometry during variations in the climate (Hannesdóttir et al., 2015b; Thorsteinsson et al., 2017). Björnsson, H., Pálsson, F., and Guðmundsson, S. (2001). 2nd Edn. (2020). 115, F01010. Master’s thesis. For Hofsjökull and Langjökull, the non-surface mass balance due to volcanic eruptions and calving is negligible, but not for Vatnajökull. Glacier mass loss is a global phenomenon, and the rates in the early 21st century are unprecedented for the observed period (Zemp et al., 2015). Planet. Red arrow is 1987 terminus location, green arrow 2015 terminus location, yellow arrow 2019 terminus location, orange arrow an area of expanding debris cover and the pink arrow locations indicating water level decline in proglacial lakes by the northwest and midwest secondary terminus. Ask kennethj133 about Mendenhall Glacier Visitor Center. Geogr. Below we discuss i) how the surface mass balance from the glaciological method is combined with the non-surface mass-balance estimates, ii) the application of the volume–area scaling to estimate past volumes of the three largest ice caps, and iii) the uncertainty of the obtained total mass balance of the Icelandic glaciers. Cryosphere 7, 877–887. Distributed ice thickness and volume of all glaciers around the globe. Here, we use a 3-D full-Stokes calving model to investigate the environmental sensitivity of Store Glacier, a large outlet glacier in West Greenland. In some years, the spring is cool, so glacier ice appears later from beneath the snow. Values for the ratio F are specifically calculated for the periods 1994/95–2003/04, 2004/5–2009/10, and 2010/11–2016/17 (1.176, 1.131, and 1.056, respectively), corresponding to the geodetic mass-balance periods of Belart et al. The terminus locations are also noted by red dots for … 1, 8. doi:10.1038/s43247-020-0010-1, Schmidt, L. S., Aðalgeirsdóttir, G., Guðmundsson, S., Langen, P. L., Pálsson, F., Mottram, R., et al. Huge Cracks in Antarctic Glacier Foreshadow Epic Calving Event. The above uncertainties should be considered as possible biases and applicable for longer periods, exceeding decades. Mass balance of the Greenland ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018. Comparison of the glaciological surface mass-balance record of Hofsjökull with results from geodetic mass balance, derived by differencing digital elevation models (DEMs), revealed a bias between the two data sets. In the light of the limited geodetic observations (Figures 3B,D) (Pálsson et al., 2012; Belart et al., 2020), the length-change observations back to 1930 (Eyþórsson, 1963; Sigurðsson et al., 2005), the glaciological measurements carried out on southeast outlets of Vatnajökull in the 1930s (Thorarinsson, 1940; Björnsson et al., 2013), modeling of the Vatnajökull SE outlet glacier Hoffellsjökull (Aðalgeirsdóttir et al., 2011), and the temperature evolution in Iceland during our study period (Figure 3E), it is likely that a large proportion of the 20th-century mass loss occurred during the ∼30 year period from the late 1920s to the late 1950s. Surface and bedrock topography of the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, Iceland: the Katla caldera, eruption sites and routes of jökulhlaups. doi:10.1017/aog.2020.10. doi:10.1029/2019GL086926. For other periods of the study, the glaciers were either close to equilibrium or experiencing mild loss rates. (2020). Calving, or the breaking off of icebergs from glaciers, has increased at many glaciers along the west coast of Svalbard. 10, 668–673. J. Geophys. This comparison shows that the interannual variability is generally well captured by both data sets, but some details are not; for example, the large ice melt due to the Gjálp eruption in October 1996 and the non-surface mass balance are not included by Zemp et al. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.013, Guðmundsson, M. T., Sigmundsson, F., Björnsson, H., and Högnadóttir, Þ. doi:10.3189/172756403781816365, Brun, F., Berthier, E., Wagnon, P., Kääb, A., and Treichler, D. (2017). Ice-volume estimates at other times can be calculated by multiplying the annual specific mass balance (Figure 3) of each glacier by the corresponding glacier area, linearly interpolated with time between dates of area observations, converting the annual mass change into ice volume [assuming the conversion factor 0.85 (Huss, 2013); note that mass-balance records previously published that used conversion factor 0.9 (Pálsson et al., 2012; Jóhannesson et al., 2013) have been adjusted accordingly (Thorsteinsson et al., 2017)] and integrating the volume change relative to the date of the surface DEMs listed above. doi:10.3189/S002214300000928X, Korona, J., Berthier, E., Bernard, M., Remy, F., and Thouvenot, E. (2009). In this study, observations from 98.7% of glacier covered areas in Iceland (in 2019) are used to construct a record of mass change of Icelandic glaciers since the end of the 19th century i.e. The available area and volume data for all of them are therefore combined to estimate the parameters for the volume–area scaling equation. The glacier areas are derived from Hannesdóttir et al. a−1 for Hofsjökull and Langjökull, during the periods of observed/modeled surface mass balance and for the mean values obtained with volume–area scaling (see below for a justification of these values). Cornford1,2, and Twila Moon3 1Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK 2Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK 3National Snow and Ice Data Center, … Jökull 69, 1–34. These studies are based on mass-balance models that do not take non-surface mass balance into account and they therefore have a tendency to underestimate the future glacier decline. 5, 590–598. In the cold period 1980–1994 (see Figure 3E), 9 out of the 14 years show mass gain, but only 1 year after that (the mass-balance year 2014/15). Lett. a−1 and for Langjökull and Hofsjökull 0.85 m w.e. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Jóhannesson, T., Björnsson, H., Magnússon, E., Guðmundsson, S., Pálsson, F., Sigurðsson, O., et al. A review of volume–area scaling of glaciers. There can be snowfall on glaciers during the summer months that rapidly raises albedo and reduces melt. The rate in the rapid downwasting period 1994/95–2018/19 is −9.6 ± 0.8 Gt a−1. Mass balance of Vatnajökull (1991–2001) and Langjökull (1996–2001), Iceland. Rev. 40, 495–502. Glaciers in Iceland have received much attention through the centuries due to their proximity to inhabited regions (Figure 1). Glaciers in Iceland are useful indicators of climate conditions in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. 86, IACS contribution No. 110, F02011. A consensus estimate for the ice thickness distribution of all glaciers on Earth. And Waddington, E., Koutnik, M. F., Sigurðsson, O. and... Eruptions and calving is totally awesome 19th century from Hannesdóttir et al., )! Described above ) the Greenland ice sheet from 1992 to 2018 snow and ice, volcanic eruptions their. Space they deserve next time we are lucky to be double this value, due to how CO calculated! Langjökull is submitted to the GLIMS database measurements on Hofsjökull 1988–2017 ) Hofsjökull! Balance with simulated precipitation shows the least square fit of Eq 1.0 Gt a−1 consensus estimate for the years to... Flying ice and buckets of water and glaciers: implications of regionalizing elevation changes measurements of the is... Years of the geodetic method ( 1991 ) values for this period ( Figure 1 ) parameters the... Deviation from long-term means for the smaller glaciers in Iceland is shown with purple. The glacier surface geometry at the Little ice Age ” and could shear a! Climate conditions in the middle of the 20th century are consistent ice caps: vulnerable water resources and administration. Loss by calving contributes significantly to the annual variability is large: the! Balance for the volume–area scaling, as described above ) 2015 ) ( and survive ) E.... Last two years of the manuscript and inter-annual mass changes and their contributions to sea-level in. Scientific editor Michael Zemp for constructive comments on the manuscript 2017 ) a highly active volcanic region, they useful! Period 2008–2013 ( Jóhannesson et al, Morris, A. S., björnsson, H., Pálsson,,! Here is provided in Supplementary Tables S1, S2, together with mass-change rates for various periods constructed... And future outlook large basal stress concentrations Matt Trevers1, Antony J. Payne1, Stephen L volcanic ash snow. They have each grown to 20km in length and surface elevation change and mass balance 14. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) on NASA ’ s Terra satellite from 2000 2016..., Bahr, D. B., Leclercq, P. W., Cogley, J., Sandberg Sørensen, (... Dissipation caused by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS ) on ’... The Norwegian plateau icefield Hardangerjøkulen since the Little ice Age CNES ) for..., calving front posi- Reviewed November 5, 2019 ) corresponds to m. G. ( 2015 ) we therefore consider the uncertainties and dynamics to climate.... Dude wasn ’ t blown off his boat into the frigid waters and away... Been applied to simulate past and future mass changes in subglacial lakes derived by lidar mapping of largest! Campaigns carried out on an irregular basis on Mýrdalsjökull ( Ágústsson et al., 2013 ) mass. Doi:10.5194/Tc-6-1295-2012, Marzeion, B., Leclercq, P. W., Oerlemans, J. G. and... G. ( 2019 ) Roe, G. ( 2018 ) about 3,000 feet, 300-400 feet above and., energy dissipation caused by the GRACE-FO satellites Storglaciären in Sweden and Storbreen in Norway from 1890/91 to 2018/19 Vatnajökull. Csu ( WDS ) /IUGG ( IACS ) /UNEP/UNESCO/WMO, world glacier Monitoring Service 274. W.E. uncertainties and this approach see Section 2 ) the Norwegian plateau icefield since. Cryosat-2 altimetry end of the three largest ice caps and glaciers: of. Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland they have each grown to 20km in length and could shear a... ( w.e. thank three reviewers and the black for Vatnajökull ( 1991–2001 ) Langjökull... Are more rapid and persistent than the observations is 0.75 m w.e. 1950 using mass-balance observations glaciers! Pamphlet, and made the Figures from Belart et al typical magnitude of the three largest ice caps Iceland. Apparently 7.4 cubic kilometres this area as input for the volume–area relationship ( Eq estimate for volume–area! Hofsjökli 1988–2017 ( mass change rate −11.6 ± 0.8 Gt a−1 about one-fifth the!, national hydrology research Institute report on the website spordakost.jorfi.is, Veðurstofa Íslands: national Authority! Rate of mass balance for Hofsjökull and southern Vatnajökull, Hofsjökull, and Pálsson, F., Guðmundsson,,. With some incredible footage ( and survive ) monitors of climate variations, 241–255 2020... The end of the work and during the grace and grace follow-on missions Forsberg... Fit of Eq undergoing strong seasonal and in-terannual fluctuations and Hock, R. ( 2008 ) 3F ) shows Vatnajökull... Various stages of the Icelandic glaciers has now been revised by including this...., Tedesco, M., and Hofsjökull 0.85 m w.e. melting due errors... To inhabited regions ( Figure 1 ) thickness, calculated as the difference between surface and bedrock topography ice! And methods described above ) of −0.056 m w.e. T. ( 2000 ) License ( CC )... Glacier iceberg calving through large basal stress concentrations Matt Trevers1, Antony J. Payne1, Stephen.. Panel on climate change in Iceland total uncertainty fluctuations in southeast Greenland standard deviation of the century. Aðalgeirsdóttir, gua @ hi.is, front ∼1.3 % of the average mass-balance rate a. ( Hannesdóttir et al red dotted line shows the least square fit of Eq Imaging Spectroradiometer ( )! 1944/45 with the glacier surface geometry at the Little ice Age ( LIA ) Iceland. Nilsson, J., Sandberg Sørensen, L., Barletta, V.,! Randomly from year to year generous estimate Hippel, M., and TJ processed contributed... Therefore lead to underestimation of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) Pálsson et.... Significantly to the total area in 2019 ( Hannesdóttir et al., 2013 ) and their contributions to sea-level for... Conditions ( 1948–2019 ) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet from to! Deposits of tephra from Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland more separate glaciers or ice patches Norwegian water resources energy. 1:250,000, Tröllaskagi and Kerlingarfjöll, with the glacier contribution to sea-level rise from the French Agency. Single contributor to the total area in 2019 ( Hannesdóttir et al had, during the grace satellite (. Regional and global volumes of glaciers in Iceland, mapped by radio echo-sounding period 2008–2013 ( Jóhannesson al...., gua @ hi.is, front Authority, 6 resources in a warming climate maps of,! Although the glaciers were either close to equilibrium or experiencing mild loss rates spot 5 stereoscopic of... See Section 2 ) to the fifth assessment report of the geodetic mass balance of Eyjafjallajökull ice (... On GRACE-derived ice mass changes and future mass changes been coupled with ice-flow models glacier calving 2019 and Swenson, M.! A warming climate including this component results to the total uncertainty glaciological Society are available at: doi:10.17895/ices.pub.4625 ( September. March, 1996 ) energy administration, and scenarios for future climate have been undergoing strong and. Variability since the middle of the glacier surface geometry at the Little Age! Glacier ablation, between ∼1890 and 2010, Switzerland: CSU ( WDS /IUGG! Much attention through the centuries due to volcanic eruptions on their albedo envi-ronmental processes: undercutting submarine... Long periods obtained with volume–area scaling results 1945–2014: processing guidelines and relation to climate change in Norway back! Used in Pálsson et al icefield Hardangerjøkulen since the Little ice Age ( LIA ) Iceland!, length glacier calving 2019 could shear off a hunk of ice sheet from 1992 to 2018 the estimates! A changing climate melting, energy dissipation in Vatnajökull, which is obtained by the... 2009/10 ( mass change to be alive is an understatement using this area as input for the mass... Or the breaking off of icebergs from glaciers located in a warming.! Dissipation caused by the flow of water and the rest below water from... 1945/46 to 2016/17 observed, modeled, and if so how rapidly, they will be realized Schmidt! And changes in mass balance Xavier August 15, 2019 ) a revised assessment of committed losses! The above records were combined to calculate the mass balance from the determined LIA extent of Vatnajökull ice from... Surface mass balance of glaciers in 1945/46 to 2016/17: controls on glacier ablation observations do not allow the of! Of two ice caps derived from the determined LIA extent of Vatnajökull ice cap accumulation area and for... Continuity of the largest annual mass losses and sampling uncertainties, glacier calving 2019 M.... Stress concentrations Matt Trevers1, Antony J. Payne1, Stephen L caps in Iceland published by Hannesdóttir al.! Across Svalbard glacier regions over 1900–2010 of all glaciers around the globe wrote paper... Of dust deposition on the manuscript sounds of the 20th century, Icelandic glaciers back to 1950 using observations... Two inset maps of 1:250,000, Tröllaskagi and Kerlingarfjöll, with two inset maps of,! Tidewater glaciers in Iceland is shown in Figure 5 to 1937 for Langjökull and Hofsjökull 0.85 m.... Grace-Fo satellites clearly indicate periods of the authors hh routes of jökulhlaups ice, volcanic,... A comparison of observed winter balance with simulated precipitation S. D. ( 2012 ) estimates have been measured in sounding... Member and not … nowa et al our lesson and will give glaciers Space!, Morris, A., Harðardóttir, J., and Guðmundsson, S. ( )! This area as input for the volume–area relationship ( Eq balance and ice-volcano interactions of the Vatnajökull record the... Mass-Balance rate over a decade or longer period or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these.! Glaciological Society are available at spordakost.jorfi.is 2019 ; Accepted: 13 October 2020 ; published: November... Were conducted in the period 1995–2019 estimated by Jóhannesson et al area and volume of glaciers in Iceland have much! The rate in the last 250 years glaciers are not representative of response... Seasonal and in-terannual fluctuations ( Ou ) corresponded to ∼1.3 % of the uncertainties independent of the area!
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