Instead, armed rivalry takes different, disguised forms: covert war and proxy war between states is common—in fact, it’s standard. Africa Watch: 2020 is election season across Africa, Silencing the Guns campaign kicks off in 2020, Work in progress for Africa’s remaining conflict hotspots, African youth and the growth of violent extremism, We must involve women in the peace process, Drying Lake Chad Basin gives rise to crisis, Address development issues in the Lake Chad Basin, Small arms fueling deadly communal violence, Battling the damaging effects of ‘fast fashion’, African airlines navigate turbulent skies, Africa’s regional integration will benefit all, Partnerships: Creating opportunities for youth, President Julius Maada Bio speaks on child and maternal mortality in Sierra Leone, Black-eyed peas: A taste of Africa in the Americas, Bigger than Africa: Tales of the Yoruba people, Global Teacher Prize winner champions STEM, Africa Wired: E-commerce offers fresh opportunities for young traders, Book Review: Africa’s Critical Choices: a call for a Pan-African roadmap, Inclusive governance and regional focus will help drive Africa’s industrialization, Illicit Financial Flows: It’s time to end the plunder of Africa’s resources, The Office of the Special Adviser on Africa (OSAA), New Partnership for Africa's Development (AUDA-NEPAD), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). This list of ongoing armed conflicts identifies present-day conflicts and the death toll … African wars are seen instead as domestic, civil wars. The Nobel award should alert policymakers to an underappreciated danger to peace and security in Africa: interstate war, either overt or—more often—covert and through proxies. But is the Nobel Prize an effort to make amends or influence Ethiopia’s political future? In February 2019, the Government and 14 armed groups signed a peace agreement which has led to fewer direct clashes. Without a central administration, Somalia became a failed state, with rival warlords and different groups controlling the capital Mogadishu and other southern parts of the country. Up to 500 killed in South Sudan as violence spreads, says UN. It was mandated to protect civilians, facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance, and support national efforts to disarm, demobilise and reintegrate former combatants and armed elements. The continent's economy grew by roughly 3.4 percent in 2017, creating one of the longest stretches of uninterrupted positive economic expansion in Africa's history. The two governments have spent long periods actively but covertly attacking the other. Ethiopian forces routed the courts union, paving the way for the government in exile to return home. About 18,500 UN peacekeepers, including military and police personnel, provide security for civilians threatened by the armed groups and support the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants. This article draws on research conducted jointly with Noel Twagiramungu, Mulugeta Gebrehiwot Berhe, and Allard Duursma. If one place has borne the brunt of international lawlessness over the past year it is Yemen. While seasoned federal officials are being fired, Trump’s loyalists are coming back, threatening fresh tensions between the outgoing administration and Congress. African governments are seen as too weak to project power as far as their borders, let alone across them. Across the continent, in other words, old patterns of cross-border conflict are now replicated under the banner of peacekeeping, endorsed by the United Nations, the African Union, and Africa’s regional organizations. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Ethiopia and Sudan each sponsored rebels in the neighboring country with training camps, arms, and logistics, through policy decisions made right at the top. A better Africa and World. 2019 will be a crucial year for sub-Saharan Africa. Each country also deployed its own troops clandestinely in the other’s territory—Ethiopian commanders led operations under the flag of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), for example. Researcher Matthias Basedau says weak African states are a major cause. Such conflicts are likely to follow the established patterns of combining covert intervention and support to proxies, but overt wars cannot be ruled out. The UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) was established in April 2013 to support political processes and bolster security in the country. In the first half of 2019, about 732,000 new displacements were recorded, 718,000 associated with conflict and 14,000 associated with disasters, posing additional challenges for the new DRC government. Prior to this, a sizable number of Tuareg rebels had moved to Libya to join Muammar Gaddafi’s fighting forces. The Nobel award should alert policymakers to an underappreciated danger to peace and security in Africa: interstate war, either overt or—more often—covert and through proxies. Fighting has been between the House of Representatives’ (HoR) which came into office in 2014 and controls eastern and southern Libya and its Tripoli-based rival, the General National Congress (GNC). In the DRC, the U.N. Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) is a combat force to supplement the peacekeeping mission, with the aim of suppressing violent insurgents in the east of the country. In Africa, this rarely takes the form of conventional wars over boundaries or invasions to install a new regime. Fighting between armed Islamist groups and pro-government forces has led to the deaths of thousands of civilians and the displacement of over two million people. In April 2014, the group abducted 276 girls from a school in Chibok, a village in Borno State, northeast Nigeria. More than 600,000 people are internally displaced, and thousands have been killed. Alex de Waal is the executive director of the World Peace Foundation and a research professor at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. In response, the UN Security Council established the UN Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) in April 2014. In a recent article in the Journal of Modern African Studies, some colleagues and I found that just 30 percent of African conflicts since 1960 were “internal” and the remainder a mixture of “internationalized internal” and “interstate”: fully 70 percent were actually internationalized in one way or another. More than five million people have been killed in the Congolese war, according to the news agency Reuters. Futhermore, UNSOM is helping build the Federal Government’s capacity to promote respect for human rights and women’s empowerment, promote child protection, and prevent conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence. But that’s rare. Western leaders long saw the authoritarian Meles Zenawi as an indispensable ally. Africa Security Sub-Saharan Africa Russia’s Strategy in Africa. The Africa Renewal information programme provides up-to-date information and analysis of the major economic and development challenges facing Africa today. Civil wars on each side haven’t just spilled over to the other as if by natural contamination. Sometimes the rebels were even drafted in as counterinsurgents in their hosts’ own countries. The Center for Preventive Action's (CPA) Global Conflict Tracker is an interactive guide to ongoing conflicts around the world of concern to the United States. As part of its women, peace and security efforts, it is actively working to increase women’s participation in political processes. After a brutal civil war, South Sudan declared its independence from Sudan in 2011. International policymakers shouldn’t be taken by surprise when the contours of Africa’s interstate armed rivalries suddenly come into view. Michelle D. Gavin CFR Blog, "Africa in Transition" February 6, 2019 African Leaders Must Act to Stop Electoral Fraud in Congo Michelle D. Gavin Foreign Policy January 9, 2019 What has not been clearly articulated is the role religion is playing in the conflict and the effect the conflict is having on the religious imagination in the region. Poverty. That puts the murder rate for adult women at nearly 15.2 per 100,000, fact-checking organisation Africa Check calculated. Armed groups started competing for power. In 2015, Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant or ISIS, rebranding his organisation as the Islamic State in West Africa. This month, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the bold steps he took last year to make peace with Eritrea. This statistic shows the number of conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2005 to 2019, by intensity of conflict. The countries’ leaders both promised change, but only one has delivered. A second deadline to form a unity government has passed with Mr Machar expressing concerns over some unresolved issues. Matters have also been strained between the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement led by President Salva Kiir, and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in Opposition led by Mr. Kiir’s former vice president Riek Machar. Uprisings, elections and conflicts: some of the key moments of an eventful year in the region. However, tensions persisted over natural resources, specifically access to the oil fields in newly-independent South. Much has been written about the ongoing conflict over the status of the Southern Cameroons. They returned with sophisticated weapons to join the 2012 attack on northern Mali after the fall of Gaddafi’s government. ... interstate conflict. Certainly it’s better for such military operations to be internationally mandated and monitored. Nearly 3,000 women were killed in South Africa in 2017/18, according to the South African Police Service. As with every world region, peace and security in Africa exists in a tension between international proscriptions against war and the rules of real power. But the terms of the peace deal were never implemented. The report says, African countries have undergone two forms of governance liberation, yet remain stuck in the middle of a third one. Below are some examples of current Conflicts In Nigeria. Peace agreements for countries such as the Central African Republic, Mali, and Somalia first cater to the interests of the regional powerbrokers and only second deal with internal issues. Conflict Trends in Africa, 1989–2017 ISBN: 978-82-7288-886-1 (print) 978-82-7288-887-8 (online) • In the past five years, there has been an increase in the number of conflicts in Africa. This is a bold plan which I believe we will achieve. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc. Also at play is Chadian President Idriss Déby’s desired role as preferred African counterterrorism enforcer, which keeps his elite troops on the international payroll and gives him a free pass for domestic repression. As the norms and principles of the United Nations and the African Union are weakened, the danger of interstate war in Africa increases. Listed below are the current wars and conflicts in the continent of Africa. current edition: US edition News Opinion Sport Culture ... it could take the Horn of Africa with it. Long considered domestic issues, the continent’s battles are really international contests for influence and power. The UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) was established in September 2011 to assist the country’s transitional authorities in their post-conflict efforts. So far, the mission has suffered somewhere between around 750 and 1,150 fatalities—losses that could only be borne by countries with national-security stakes in the outcome. The region will hold presidential elections in at least nine countries, including Nigeria and South Africa. It works to support peace consolidation, assist in protecting civilians, create suitable conditions for the delivery of humanitarian assistance, among other tasks. A UN arms embargo continues to be breached with both sides drawing on international support for weapons. The media are abuzz with two big questions: first, whether Ahmed deserves it, and second, why Afwerki was not honored—as is customary when two countries make peace. While some of the world’s leading economies struggle to … However, insecurity and attacks against civilians, humanitarians, and UN peacekeeping forces continue. The killing of a top nuclear scientist has unsettled Tehran, but it’s still talking about a new deal with the United States. The ongoing conflict in Libya began in 2011 after the collapse of Muammar Gaddafi’s regime and centres mostly around the control of territory and oil fields. Ethiopia gradually gained the upper hand, launching a vast ground offensive in the spring of 2000 that cut through the defending Eritrean forces and threatened to capture the capital, Asmara. Communities were divided, trade was cut, and vast numbers of Eritrean youth served indefinite compulsory military service on the front line. The humanitarian crisis there – the world’s worst – could deteriorate further in 2019 if the key players do not seize the opportunity created over the past weeks by UN Special Envoy Martin Griffiths in achieving a partial ceasefire and encouraging a series of confidence-building steps. Security conditions deteriorated further in December when clashes erupted between various armed groups. However, the GNA, which is recognised by the UN, continues to face opposition from within the HoR and GNC. An estimated 80,000 young men and women died, almost all of them soldiers who perished in mass infantry attacks. In April 2019, Khalifa Haftar, the head of the self-styled Libyan National Army, which controls much of the countryside, launched an attack on Tripoli. The UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) provides policy advice to the Somali government and AMISOM on security sector reforms, disengaging combatants, rule of law, among other issues. This fighting persists and has been further complicated by the fragmentation and reforming of alliances. Rumors of Russian involvement in Mali have gained momentum since 2018. A new “revitalized” peace agreement was signed in 2018 however progress is slow. ... Africa. When Nigeria, which sees itself as the West African regional hegemon, sent troops to Liberia in 1990, ostensibly as a West African peacekeeping force (the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group), the aim wasn’t only to stabilize Liberia and prevent Taylor from taking power, but also to rein in Compaoré’s ambitions and cement Nigeria’s status as the West African powerbroker. Editorial The conflict in South Sudan was all too predictable. The FIB’s main troop contributors are South Africa and Tanzania—both of which have political interests in keeping Rwanda’s ambitions in check. All these issues are key drivers of what to expect in political Africa in 2019. Similar calculations underpin Chad’s dispatch of special forces to Operation Barkhane in Mali, which is a French-led military intervention to fight al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and other insurgent groups. The conflicts in Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen have killed hundreds of thousands of people and displaced millions. For almost 20 years, the two countries were locked in a cold war, with their armies mobilized in force along their common border. The 15,000 uniformed and civilian personnel work to support the implementation of the peace agreement and reduce violence. Fifteen Countries There are currently fifteen African countries involved in war, or are experiencing post-war conflict and tension. A 2015 peace deal fell apart after clashes between government forces and rebels. The Mano River countries of West Africa—Liberia, Sierra Leone, and their neighbors—followed the same pattern. Among the several armed groups are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda; the Allied Democratic Forces, a Ugandan rebel group based in the Rwenzori Mountains of eastern Congo; the Lord’s Resistance Army, another Ugandan rebel group based along the northern border; the National Forces of Liberation, a Burundian rebel group operating in South Kivu; and the Mai-Mai militias operating in the Kivu. While some of the world’s leading economies struggle to … Shortly after coming to power last year, Ethiopia’s Ahmed cut this Gordian knot and flew to the Eritrean capital Asmara to offer peace. In West Africa, the countries include Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Despite efforts by various stakeholders to establish a peaceful Africa, armed conflicts continue in parts of the continent. Although the poverty rate in Africa has dropped in recent years, rapid population growth … Insecurity persists in the DR Congo, Somalia, South Sudan, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Mali and Libya. These trends show few signs of stopping in 2019, as conflict and unrest threaten to expand in scope and scale. Get the latest African news from BBC News in Africa: breaking news, features, analysis and special reports plus audio and video from across the African continent. Take the Ethiopia-Sudan border. With approximately 14,000 peacekeepers, MINUSCA continues to support the implementation of the peace deal and its other mandated tasks. The mission would be inconceivable without some real advantage to the national interests of its major troop contributors. The Somali Civil War (the 1980s – date) This is an ongoing civil war in Somalia. The UN, the African Union and others are cooperating in support of the agreement to end violence against civilians, strengthen the extension of state authority and bring social and economic development to the country. In East Africa, the countries include Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda. Current Wars of Africa . The most powerful of those armed groups are backed by Rwanda. More than 50% of the world’s armed conflicts are in one continent, Africa, and analysts agree that diamonds and other precious metals as well as power struggles are the biggest causes. The conventional wisdom is that African states frequently go to war, but not with one another—with the Eritrean-Ethiopian war standing as the conspicuous exception that proves the rule. It began in 1998 with the involvement of about 20 different armed groups who maraud the country’s vast jungles. The Boko Harem insurgency in Nigeria that began in 2009 has extended to neighbouring countries, including Cameroon, Chad and Niger. About 1,000 people were reported to have been killed in that attack and more than 128,000 displaced since the latest round of the conflict began in April. In its quest to “Silence the Guns” in Africa by 2020, which is its theme for the year, the African Union and other partners ought to focus on the main crisis spots currently: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Somalia, South Sudan, Nigeria, the Central African Republic (CAR) and Libya, where tens of thousands of people have been killed and millions more displaced. There have been several attacks on civilians in the Sahel in the past few months and violence related to local conflicts in the area this year has reached unprecedented levels.. Yirgou village in north … A multinational joint task force of about 10,500 troops from Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria is currently battling the insurgency. Occasionally this is just a matter of a government quietly tolerating the guerrillas from a neighboring country using a refugee camp to recruit or a porous border to smuggle weapons. That didn’t happen: The Ethiopians agreed a cease-fire and the terms of a peace deal, signed in Algiers soon after the offensive. The Malian government and two coalitions of these armed groups — the Plateforme and Coordination — signed the Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation in Mali in May 2015. This includes support to implementation of the LPA and future phases of the transition process. On the ground, it was World War I-style trench warfare; in the air, there were dogfights between fourth-generation jet fighters. In 2009, Eritrea’s support for anti-Ethiopian jihadi groups in Somalia brought down the wrath of the U.N. Security Council, which imposed a draconian sanctions regime on the country—one that continued even after Eritrea abandoned its backing for those groups three years later. Rather, power hierarchies have been legitimized, and peace operations have become part of dominant states’ repertoire of power projection. In December 2015, the warring parties signed the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA), committing to a Government of National Accord (GNA). Two million more young people will be in employment. A few managed to escape or be rescued. Analyses of security threats in the continent focus on fragile and failing states, ethnic rivalries, violent extremism, and conflict over natural resources. Notably, when an international boundary commission awarded a small but symbolically crucial piece of land called Badme, where the war had started, to Eritrea, Ethiopia refused to hand it over. It was a bold move—precisely the kind of peacemaking that the Nobel committee has had in mind for its peace prizes since they were established in 1901—and Ahmed has been appropriately honored. Current Conflicts In Africa 2020 And Where They Occur. The nature of violent conflicts in Africa has changed since before independence when they were mostly ideologically-driven guerilla warfare. First, it was the struggle for independence from the colonial rule then liberation from dictatorships that merged from independence. It also will attract greater attention from the international partners, which increasingly view It will remain bogged down in conflicts in the Cameroon, Central African Republic, Mali, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Somalia. They also protect civilians, support the re-establishment of state institutions and basic services, and support the cantonment, disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of armed groups. Between 1998 and 2000, the two countries fought an extremely bloody border war. About two million people have fled their homes and another 22,000 are missing, believed to have been conscripted. Since then several other armed groups emerged or splintered off from existing ones with different interests related to self-determination and political and socio-economic grievances. This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. The Somali civil war began in 1991 when the government of President Siad Barre was overthrown. Meanwhile, the two governments did everything they could to destabilize each other by supporting each other’s political opposition, including guerrilla groups that infiltrated across the border. Ethnic violence in South Sudan (from 2011 to date) Ethnic violence in South Sudan has been before 2011, it has a long history among South Sudan’s varied ethnic groups. Pentagon Says UAE Possibly Funding Russia’s Shadowy Mercenaries in Libya, What Iran’s Leaders Really Think About Biden, Israel Is the Wrench in Biden’s Iran Policy. Al Shabaab carried out attacks against the government, prompting the deployment of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in 2007. During the last 15 years, as the African Union and United Nations, along with regional organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States, have constructed a new peace and security order for Africa, these patterns of armed interstate rivalry have not gone away. ), and global conflicts in which Africa was a theatre of war. But it adds a new layer of explanations. A study by a German academic says religious conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa have been on the rise for decades. He embraced Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki, opened the border and promised to implement the controversial boundary ruling. Burkina Faso. Somalia is a case in point. The Al-Shabaab militant group emerged as an offshoot of the Islamic Courts Union which controlled Mogadishu in 2006, while a transitional federal government was in exile in Kenya. Others simply exploit the country’s mineral resources, including gold, platinum and coltan fueling the various conflicts further. In 2019, there were 14 disputes in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Continental Free Trade Agreement. Peace agreements follow the same pattern. When the Liberian political entrepreneur Charles Taylor began an insurgency in 1989, he did so with arms and men from nearby Burkina Faso, whose leader Blaise Compaoré was practically a pyromaniac, lighting conflagrations in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast as well. The threat is growing and can easily be predicted, and now is a good moment to put it on the policy radar. Yet closer analysis suggests that this standard story misses an important element in the picture: interstate conflict. Hundreds and thousands of people have lost their lives due to conflicts and civil wars. In several countries, incumbent long serving political leaders have found ways to manipula… About Wars and Post-War Conflicts. The country went through three presidents in a week in November—and it might soon have another if it doesn’t pursue a constitutional referendum like neighboring Chile. 5 goals. A peacekeeper on the UN base in Kida, Mali, where they ensure the security of the civilian population. Despite gains against the group, Al-Shabaab insurgents continue to launch sporadic attacks against civilians and the government. In South Sudan, there are 64 tribes, among these tribes is Dinkas which is the largest of all. Despite efforts by various stakeholders to establish a peaceful Africa, armed conflicts continue in parts of the continent. The backbone of the African Union Mission in Somalia, a combat mission against the militant group al-Shabab, is made up of troops from next-door Ethiopia and Kenya, both of which have used force against Somalia many times over the previous decades. Many of these groups fight each other, while others from neighbouring countries use the Congolese territory to launch attacks on their home countries. Key events that shaped the Middle East and North Africa in 2019. ... October 22, 2019, 2:14 PM. More than 30,000 people have been killed in Nigeria’s long-running conflict with Boko Haram. CAR has suffered more than six years of conflict. Last year’s peace deal for South Sudan was first and foremost a pact between the country’s two meddlesome neighbors, Sudan and Uganda. In 2012, a new federal government was constituted. Even drafted in as counterinsurgents in their hosts ’ own countries unrest threaten expand! 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